general pathology of cancer

Question 1

neoplasm=

Answer 1

new uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiological control

Question 2

cancer=

Answer 2

malignant tumour/ neoplasm

Question 3

is neoplasm always cancer

Answer 3

no neoplasm can be benign or malignant

Question 4

4 classes of normal regulatory genes

Answer 4

1. proto-oncogenes
2. tumour suppressor genes
3. genes controlling PCD
4. genes that repair DNA

Question 5

what do mutated proto-oncogenes produce

Answer 5

oncogenes

Question 6

what is a proto-oncogene mutation usually (about function)

Answer 6

a gain in function

Question 7

important example of proto-oncogene

Answer 7

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EGFR

Question 8

what is EGFR

Answer 8

a tyrosine kinase (receptor)

Question 9

2 general effects of EGFR mutations

Answer 9

cell proliferation

avoiding apoptosis

Question 10

In what cancer are 8% EGFR mutations

Answer 10

lung cancer

Question 11

what are tumour suppressor genes

Answer 11

any gene whose normal function acts to suppress cell growth and proliferation, causes apoptosis

Question 12

most important tumour suppressor gene

Answer 12

p53

Question 13

Li-fraumeni syndrome=

Answer 13

rare inherited loss of p53

Question 14

what is p53 job

Answer 14

targets damaged cells for apoptosis

Question 15

what is the risk of malignancy by 70yrs with Li-fraumeis syndrome

Answer 15

100%

Question 16

carcinogens=

Answer 16

agents that cause genetic damage and induce neoplastic transformation

Question 17

high risk HPV strains=

Answer 17

strains 16-18

Question 18

low risk (anogenital warts) HPV strains =

Answer 18

6, 11

Question 19

what does HPV do

Answer 19

infects cervical epithelial cells where it produces viral proteins E1-E7

Question 20

what do viral proteins E6 and E7 do

Answer 20

interact with cell cycle proteins pRb and p53 reducing levels and promoting DNA synthesis

Question 21

what cancer can helicobacter pylori cause

Answer 21

gastric carcinoma and low grade lymphoma

Question 22

metaplasia=

Answer 22

the transformation of one completely differentiated cell type into another because of a stimulus

Question 23

why does metaplasia happen

Answer 23

change in environment produces cells better equipped to withstand new environment

Question 24

2 type of metaplasia

Answer 24

squamous

glandular

Question 25

squamous metaplasia=

Answer 25

glandular epithelium becomes squamous | happens in chronically inflamed ducts

Question 26

where does glandular metaplasia happen

Answer 26

in oesophagus squamous-lined to columnar lined with goblet cells (barretts oesophagus)

Question 27

which type of metaplasia is more serious (risk of cancer)

Answer 27

glandular metaplasia

Question 28

dysplasia=

Answer 28

(how it looks) the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer.

Question 29

4 features of dysplasia

Answer 29

increased proliferation loss of relationship between cells lots of cell death and disorder cell morphological transformation

Question 30

if you remove the stimulus in what happens to dysplasia

Answer 30

may restore to normal cell growth pattern

Question 31

what is neoplasm in origin

Answer 31

monoclonal (result of proliferation of a single transformed cell)

Question 32

what makes something malignant

Answer 32

when the cells start to invade beyond the basement membrane or spread

Question 33

malignancy=

Answer 33

invasion and spread

Question 34

name of tumour of surface epithelia=

Answer 34

papilloma

Question 35

name of solid and surface glandular epithelia

Answer 35

adenoma

Question 36

malignant neoplasm of any epithelial origin

Answer 36

carcinoma

Question 37

suffix for malignant tumours of connective tissue

Answer 37

-sarcoma

Question 38

suffix for benign tumours of connective tissue

Answer 38

-oma

Question 39

what does a teratoma contain

Answer 39

all three embryological germ layers

Question 40

where are teratomas usually found

Answer 40

gonads (ovary/ testies)

Question 41

ovarian teratomas=

Answer 41

benign

Question 42

testicular teratomas=

Answer 42

malignant

Question 43

main characteristic of benign tumours

Answer 43

no capacity to metastasize

Question 44

5 facts about malignant tumours

Answer 44

- rapid growth - ill defined boarders - infiltrate margins - invades surrounding tissue - ability to metastasize

Question 45

metastasis=

Answer 45

distant spread of neoplastic cells away from main (primary) neoplasm to form sub populations of cells not in continuity with primary

Question 46

3 routes of metastasis

Answer 46

haematogenous lymphatic transcoelomic

Question 47

main vessels metastasise flow in

Answer 47

veins (thinner walls)

Question 48

transcoelomic=

Answer 48

spreads directly across coelomic spaces and surfaces

Question 49

what is commonly transcoelomic spread

Answer 49

ovarian cancers

Question 50

what grade would a well differentiated tumour have

Answer 50

low grade

Question 51

what is the worst type of poor differentiation

Answer 51

anaplasia

Question 52

anaplasia=

Answer 52

malignant neoplasm composed of undifferentiated cells

Question 53

4 features of anaplasia

Answer 53

pleomorphism (variation in size and shape) Abnormal nuclear morphology mitoses loss of polarity

Question 54

tumour grade=

Answer 54

based on degree of differentiation

Question 55

stage=

Answer 55

extent of tumour spread within the body

Question 56

what can stage help inform

Answer 56

prognosis and treatment

Question 57

TNM=

Answer 57

``` t= primary tumour N= lymph node status M= metastasis ```

Question 58

cachexia=

Answer 58

``` wasting syndrome (usually in advanced cancer) catabollic state resulting in profound loss of body fat and mass, weakness and anorexia ```

Question 59

what causes cachexia

Answer 59

action of molecules secreted by neoplasm and host response- TNF-alpha, IL-1, IFN-gamma

Question 60

paraneoplastic syndrome=

Answer 60

symptom complexes that cannot be explained by local or distant spread of tumour