Haemodynamic disorders

Question 1

haemodynamics=

Answer 1

movement of blood

Question 2

fluid homeostasis requires (3)

Answer 2

vessel wall integrity
osmolarity
maintenance of intravascular pressure

Question 3

extravasation=

Answer 3

movement of water or blood across the vascular wall

Question 4

what ensures capillaries don’t collapse

Answer 4

pressure

Question 5

edema=

Answer 5

an increase of fluid in the interstitial space,

Question 6

hydrostatic pressure—>

Answer 6

drives fluid out of the tissue

Question 7

colloid osmotic pressure=

Answer 7

increased protein concentration

Question 8

what does colloid osmotic pressure result in

Answer 8

pulls water back into vessels

Question 9

things causing edema= (3)

Answer 9

Increased vascular pressure/volume
decreased plasma protein content
change in endothelial cell function

Question 10

hydrothorax=

Answer 10

edema in the thoracic cavity

Question 11

hydropericardium=

Answer 11

edema in the pericardial cavity

Question 12

common causes of decreased osmotic pressure (reduced plasma proteins)

Answer 12

liver cirrhosis

malnutrition

Question 13

sodium retention causes

Answer 13

increase in hydrostatic pressure

Question 14

haemorrhage=

Answer 14

extravasation of blood

Question 15

pathological thrombosis=

Answer 15

formation of blood clot within the vessel (attached to wall)

Question 16

embolism

Answer 16

dislodged thrombosis travelling away from original site

Question 17

what is the % of blood volume that causes hypovolemic shock

Answer 17

above 20%

Question 18

three phases of haemostatic process

Answer 18

hemorrhage
thrombosis
fibrinolysis

Question 19

types of haemorrhage (3)

Answer 19

petechiane
Purpura
bruises/ Ecchymosis

Question 20

petechiane=

Answer 20

minute hemorrhage (1-2mm) of skin and mucosa

Question 21

purpura=

Answer 21

small haemorrhage (3-5mm) trauma or vasculitis

Question 22

bruises/ Ecchymosis=

Answer 22

subcutaneous hematoma

Question 23

three main factors causing thrombosis

Answer 23

endothelial injury
abnormal blood flow
hyper-coagulability

Question 24

what is a thrombi formed from

Answer 24

platelets
RBC
neutrophils
Lymphocytes 
Fibrin

Question 25

what holds the thrombi together

Answer 25

fibrin

Question 26

what causes arterial thrombi

Answer 26

platelet driven, atherosclerosis which is susceptible to damage

Question 27

what causes venous thrombi

Answer 27

changes in blood flow (stasis)

Question 28

what are nearly all emboli caused by

Answer 28

thromboembolism

Question 29

thromboembolism=

Answer 29

dislodged thrombus

Question 30

hyperaemia=

Answer 30

increased blood flow in

Question 31

congestion=

Answer 31

reduced blood flow out

Question 32

reactive hyperaemia=

Answer 32

local vasodilation in response to oxygen debt or accumulation of metabolic waste

Question 33

active hyperaemia=

Answer 33

vasodilation in response to activation (exercise)

Question 34

congestion is usually cause by

Answer 34

impaired venous return

Question 35

what can impaired venous return be caused by (2)

Answer 35

- physical obstruction of veins | - or failure of the heart to pump blood away

Question 36

circulatory shock caused by

Answer 36

systemic hypo-perfusion leading to reduced delivery of O2 and nutrients

Question 37

hypo-perfusion =

Answer 37

lack of blood flow

Question 38

three things circulatory shock is associated with

Answer 38

hypotension hypoperfusion cellular hypoxia

Question 39

cardiogenic shock=

Answer 39

failure of heart to pump sufficient blood

Question 40

hypovolemic shock=

Answer 40

loss of blood or plasma

Question 41

reasons for cardiogenic shock

Answer 41

MI Arrhythmia PE ect

Question 42

septic shock=

Answer 42

systemic infection | commonly bacterial in blood stream

Question 43

neurogenic shock=

Answer 43

severe damage to the CNS

Question 44

effect of neurogenic shock

Answer 44

loss of systemic stimulation to blood vessels leading to wide spread vasodilation

Question 45

anaphylactic shock=

Answer 45

severe allergic reaction---> cytokines/ histamine --> vasodilation and hypoperfusion

Question 46

how can septic shock occur (6 steps)

Answer 46

``` bowel perforation bacteria enters blood stream leaking vessel impaired blood flow septic shock multiple organ dysfunction ```