General Principles

Question 1

Refers to the amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

Answer 1

Bioavailability

Question 2

Used to determine the safety and efficacy of generic drugs.

Answer 2

Bioequivalence

Question 3

Measures the dosage or concentration required to bring about 50% of the drug’s maximal effect.

Answer 3

Potency / EC50

Question 4

Dose at which 50% of the individuals exhibit the specified quantal effect.

Answer 4

ED50 / Median Effective Dose

Question 5

Dose at which 50% of the animals manifest a particular toxic effect.

Answer 5

TD50 / Median Toxic Dose

Question 6

Transfer of drug from site of administration to bloodstream.

Answer 6

Absorption

Question 7

Refers to the apparent volume into which drug is able to distribute.

Answer 7

Volume of distribution

Question 8

Elimination of drug at a constant rate.

Answer 8

Zero order kinetics

Question 9

Elimination at a rate that is proportional to the serum concentration of the drug.

Answer 9

First order kinetics

Question 10

Addition of polar moiety (sulfate, acetate, or glucoronate)

Answer 10

Phase II metabolism

Question 11

Use of CYP 450 system, oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.

Answer 11

Phase I metabolism

Question 12

Describes the rate at which a specific drug is cleared from the system.

Answer 12

Clearance

Question 13

Refers to the amount of time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to half of its value after administration of the drug has been stopped.

Answer 13

Half life (t 1/2)

Question 14

Defined as the single amount of drug that is needed to achieve a desired plasma concentration quickly.

Answer 14

Loading dose

Question 15

Amount of drugs must be given overtime in order to maintain desired plasma concentration

Answer 15

Maintenance dose

Question 16

Used as a measure of drugs safety.

Answer 16

Therapeutic index

Question 17

Formula for therapeutic index.

Answer 17

TD50 / ED50

Question 18

Refers to the dosage range between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration or dose in minimum toxic concentration or dose.

Answer 18

Therapeutic window

Question 19

Substance that shifts the graded dose-response curve to the right.

Answer 19

Competitive agonist

Question 20

Substance that does not produce the same maximum effect and is exhibited by a decrease in the Emax.

Answer 20

Partial agonist

Question 21

Substance that depressed it graded dose-response curve.

Answer 21

Non-competitive agonist

Question 22

An antagonist that interacts directly with the agonist and not all or only incidentally with the receptor.

Answer 22

Chemical antagonist

Question 23

The action of the drug on the body.

Answer 23

Pharmacodynamics

Question 24

The action of the body on the drug.

Answer 24

Pharmacokinetics

Question 25

Permeation that is governed by Fick’s Law.

Answer 25

Lipid diffusion | Aqueous diffusion

Question 26

Permeation that is saturable and inhibitable.

Answer 26

Carrier-mediated transport

Question 27

At first affect that is infrequently observed in most patients.

Answer 27

Idiosyncratic reactions

Question 28

Responsiveness decreases a consequence of continued drug administration.

Answer 28

Tolerance

Question 29

Responsiveness diminishes rapidly after a drug administration.

Answer 29

Tachyphylaxis

Question 30

Induction of developmental defects in the fetus.

Answer 30

Teratogenesis

Question 31

Induction of malignant characteristics in cells.

Answer 31

Carcinogenesis

Question 32

Induction of changes in genetic material of animals of any age.

Answer 32

Mutagenesis

Question 33

CY P450 Inducers

Answer 33

Ethel Booba INDUCES Phen-Phen & Refuses Greasy Carb Shakes ``` Ethanol Barbiturates Phenytoin Phrnobarbital Rifampicin Griesofulvin Carbamazepine St. Johns wort Smoking ```

Question 34

All barbiturates are INDUCER except one.

Answer 34

SECOBARBITAL -CY P450 INHIBITOR

Question 35

CY P450 INHIBITORS

Answer 35

Inhibitors Stop Cyber Kids from Eating GRApefruit VQ ``` Iosoniazid Sulfonamides Cimetidine Ketoconazole Erythromycin Grapefruit Juice Ritonavir Amiodarone Valproic acid Quinidine ```

Question 36

Narrow therapetic index

Answer 36

WALA na Cyang Pa Pa, VasTeD pa! Warfarin Aminoglycosides Lithium Amphotericin B ``` Carbamazepine Phenobarbital Phenytoin Vancomycin Theophylline Digoxin ```

Question 37

Zero Order Kinetic

Answer 37

WHAT PET Warfarin Heparin Aspirin Tolbutamide Phenytoin Ethanol Theophylline

Question 38

Rectal artery responsible for FIRST PASS EFFECT on giving rectal suppository?

Answer 38

Superior Rectal Artery

Question 39

Phases of Drug studies: for a RARE disease

Answer 39

Orphan Drug

Question 40

Phases of Drug studies: | Normal volunteer, small number

Answer 40

Phase 1

Question 41

Phases of Drug studies: | Post marketing

Answer 41

Phase 4

Question 42

Phases of Drug studies: | Clinical trials

Answer 42

Phase 3