General Science (ACAD1) Flashcards by Kate Lenoa

The sequence of transfers of matter and energy in form of food from organism to organism.

Food chain

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A relationship where one benefits but the animal getting benefited from is neither harmed nor benefiting

Commensalism

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A relationship where an organism is benefitting from another organism, but the organism being benefitted from is being harmed.

Parasitism

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A relationship where both organisms are benefitting from each other

Mutualism

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Utilization of the same resources by organisms of the same or of different species living together in a community, when the resources are not sufficient to fill the needs of all organisms

Competition

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Competition for resources between two different species is called

Interspecific competition

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Competition for resources between two animals of the same species is called

Intraspecific competition

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A reversal of the normal behaviour of temperature in the troposphere (the region of the atmosphere nearest Earth’s surface), in which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air. This means the cool air is trapped under the layer of warm air.

Temperature inversion

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Temperature inversion

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Types of chemical weathering

Reaction with water, oxygen, acid and organisms

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What type of rocks will you most likely find fossil?

Sedimentary rocks such as shale

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Coarse-grained igneous rocks that formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet.

Intrusive Igneous rocks

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Form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies.

Igneous rocks

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Types of rocks formed from deposits of pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organism that accumulate on the Earth’s surface.

Sedimentary rocks

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were once igneous or sedimentary rocks, but have been changed (metamorphosed) as a result of intense heat and/or pressure within the Earth’s crust. They are crystalline and often have a “squashed” (foliated or banded) texture.

Metamorphic rocks

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Fine grained, glassy igneous rocks that formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from underground.

Extrusive igneous rocks

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Hardest in the Moh’s scale of hardness; Softest?

Diamond; Talc

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Recite from 1-10 the Moh’s hardness scale

Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Orthoclase, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, Diamond

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How a mineral reflects light

Luster

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Color of powdered mineral

Streak

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Ratio of mass and volume

Specific gravity

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Number of flat planes when a mineral breaks

Cleavage

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When a mineral breaks irregularly

Fracture

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the process of movement and deformation of the earth’s crust that gives rise to large-scale features such as continents, ocean basins, and mountains.

Diastrophism

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A planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements.

Fault

Diastrophic movements are gradual and might stretch for thousands of years while earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are sudden and short. True or False?

True

A theory that states that the planet Earth was the center of the universe and all of the other planets, stars, and the Sun revolved, or circled, around it.

Ptolemy theory

A theory that states that the sun is the center of the solar system

Copernicus theory

is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.

Continental drift theory

Who made the continental drift theory

Alfred Wegener

The rock layer forming a boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle

Mohorovicic discontinuity

These are transparent, wispy clouds that cover most or all of the sky. The best identifier for _________ clouds is a halo or ring of light surrounding the sun or moon.

Cirrostratus

Fairly common clouds that look like round white or gray patches in the sky.

Altocomulus clouds

These clouds form a white or gray layer that blankets the sky at mid-level. There are usually no patches of blue sky when these clouds appear, but the sun is often visible as a dimly lit disk behind the clouds (although no shadows appear on the ground).

Altostratus

These are much smaller than most other types of clouds, and they are sometimes called cloudlets. They are found at high altitudes and are made of ice crystals.

Cirrocumulus

Wispy clouds located high in the atmosphere are likely cirrus clouds. They are thin and white with lots of blue sky visible.

Cirrus clouds

Are the classic “thunderstorm clouds” and are large towering clouds that are often dark in color. Seeing them is a sign that a storm is likely on its way.

Cumulonimbus clouds

Fluffy, tall, often described as looking similar to cauliflower clouds that indicate a happy sunny day

Cumulus clouds

Form a thick, dark layer across the sky. They are often thick enough to blot out the sun. Like cumulonimbus clouds, they are associated with heavy precipitation, but, unlike cumulonimbus, you can’t pick out individual nimbostratus clouds.

Nimbostratus clouds

Somewhat similar to cumulus clouds but are flatter, thicker, and darker. There is less blue sky between the clouds, and the weather will appear more cloudy than sunny.

Stratocumulus clouds

Similar to fog (but on the horizon instead of on the ground), ____ clouds are a gray featureless layer of clouds that cover all or most of the sky.

Stratus

What do Cumulus, Altocumulus, Stratocumulus, Cumulonimbus, Cirrocumulus clouds have in common?

They are puffy cumulo form clouds (hinted from the name)

What do Stratus, Altostratus, Nimbostratus have in common

They have thick, fog like layer (strato form, as hinted from the name)

What do cirrus and cirrostratus clouds have in common?

They are wispy, high cloud and cirro-form

If the moon were positioned twice as far from the Earth as it is now, the gravitational attraction would be? A. twice as great B. Four times as great C. One-fourth as great D. One-half as great

Which of the following does not characterize a low-pressure system? A. Air cools as it rises B. Water vapor condenses to form clouds C. A fine weather is forecast D. Hurricanes may be predicted

C, because with LPA, the warm air would crunch to the center, rise and condense into clouds. This is why in LPA, the winds are strong and rains are present

Where did Neptune's blue color come from?

Abundance of Methane

Highly magnetized rotating neutron stars

Pulsars

Are extremely luminous active galatic nucleous; is a supermassive black hole feeding on gas at the center of a distant galaxy.

Quasars

The phenomenon land breeze is best explained by: A. radiation B. conduction C. diffusion D. convection

D. Convection is the movement of liquid or gas

Level below of which the surface rocks are saturated by water

water table

Level below of which the surface rocks are saturated by water

water table

All of the following can be used to establish the identity of a material except: A. mass B. boiling point C. solubility D. density

A, because it's too vague

Indicators of chemical changes

Change in temperature, color, odor, precipitate or formation of bubbles not due to boiling

The process which involves the escape of high kinetic energy molecules from the surface of a liquid? A. condensation B. sublimation C. deposiiton D. evaporation

The movement of water molecules across a differentially permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient

Osmosis

Gas pollutants may be present in places far from where they are released. Which of the following properties of gases account for this observation? A. compressibility B. diffusibility C. expansibility D. exert pressure

B. Diffusion is a net movement of atoms or molecules from highly concentrated region to low concentration region

The energy coming from the sun is the result of?

Fusion of hydrogen to form helium

Light scattering by particles in a colloid

Tyndall effect

A simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge or fulcrum

A lever. An example of this is nutcracker

What method will you use to measure the volume of a rock? A. Buoyancy B. Weight displacement C. Immiscibility D. Water displacement

D, because rocks are irregular. In order to get the volume: Volume=final level-initial level

When diving into water from a heigh, the speed of fall decreases upon hitting the water because: A. water is dense B. the mass of the diver is not large enough C. water exerts an upward force D. Both A and C

C. due to buoyant force

When we weigh bodies, we: A. measure the total body mass of the body B. test the gravitational force that draws them towards the Earth C. convert mass into energy D. convert energy into mass

An astronaut with a mass of 60 kg on Earth was sent to Mars, which has a gravitational pull less than Earth's. What will be the astronaut's mass on Mars? A. more than 60 kg B. exactly 60 kg C. less than 60 kg D. cannot be determined

B, gravitational pull only affects weight, not mass

Which of the following minerals is noted for its perfect cleavage? A. calcite B. muscovite C. quartz D. pyrite

An example of a rock whose minerals have been crushed into thin sheets or bands is" A. shale B. schist C. conglomerate D. granite

Mineral halite is: A. potassium chloride B. sodium chloride C. calcium chloride D. calcium bromide

B. mineral name of salt is halite

Name of the partly melted rock layer on which the plates move

Astenosphere

Rigid, rocky outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the solid outermost layer of the upper mantle.

lithosphere

During which period in the earth's history did most dinosaurs become extinct?

cretaceous

the term that describes different crystalline modifications of the same chemical substance

polymorphism

The most important chemically active fluid involved in the formation of rocks

water

Oldest and longest period lasting from the beginnings of the earth to approximately 570 million years ago

Precambrian

Which element in CFCs is responsible for destroying the Earth's ozone layer? A. oxygen B. fluorine C. chlorine D. bromine

Chlorine

What causes the oblate spheroid shape of the earth? A. earth's magnetism B. earth's gravity C. earth's rotation D. moon's tidal pull

The focus is above the epicenter. True or false?

False. It's the other way around. Epicenter is at the earth's surface right above the focus.

Core of the earth is composed of?

Iron and nickel

Safety aside, why is alcohol used in preference to mercury in a minimum thermometer? A. Alcohol has higher boiling point B. Alcohol has lower freezing point C. Alcohol contracts more uniformly D. Alcohol can be dyed

Atolls are formed from: A. rise of earth's crust B. sand brought in from mainland C. collapse of the center of a volcano D. coral reef upbuilding during subsidence

Who disagreed with the church's belief the Ptolemy theory

Galileo Galilei

The most serious environmental pollution A. radioactivity B. particulate formation C. thermal pollution D. noise pollution

Also called "Fool's gold"

Pyrite

Which color would exhibit the most intense tyndall scattering?

Violet. This is because the intensity of scattered radiation is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelength.

Evaporation from water surfaces exposed to air is not dependent of the? A. velocity of wind B. humidity C. temperature D. depth of water

What distinguishes birds from other animals? A. presence of feathers B. presence of wings C. presence of claws D. birds can lay eggs with shells

What distinguishes mammals from other animals? A. they can produce milk B. They can give birth to live offspring C. they can form eggs D. They can walk upright

Number of protons in an atom is referred to as?

atomic number

Two or more atoms physically joined together with only one visible phase is called

solution

Two or more atoms physically joined together with only one visible phase is called

solution

What form of energy can travel through empty space

Radiant

The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance is called

Temperature

Scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake

Richter scale

Describes the intensity of an earthquake based on its observed effects

Mercalli scale

The change of the size of your pupil when you enter a bright room is an example of? A. stimulus B. adaptive behavior C. signal response D. reflex

Part of the flower that becomes the fruit

ovary

Carbon dioxide enters the leaves of the plants through small pores called?

Stomata

These are the male parts of a flower.

Stamens

They are often bright in colour as their main function is to attract pollinators such as insects, butterflies etc to the flower.

Petals

These are the small, leaf-like parts growing at the base of the petals. They form the outermost whorl of the flower.

Sepals

This forms the female parts of a flower.

Pistil

These are the egg cells of a flower.

Ovules

This is found at the tip of the style. It forms the head of the pistil. The stigma contains a sticky substance whose job is to catch pollen grains from different pollinators or those dispersed through the wind.

Stigma