General stuff about pathogen

Question 1

Difference between cytokines and chemokines?

Answer 1

Cytokines is an umbrella term for signaling molecules

Chemokines is a chemoattractant cytokine

• alpha chemokine (CXC)
  i. e., CXCL8
• beta chemokine (CC)
• adjacent cysteines
• CCL3

Gamma/C chemokines (XCL1)

CXXXC chemokines
cleaved from cell surface
CX3CL1 is the only one

Other cytokines: IFN, IL, TNF

Question 2

Alpha chemokine

Answer 2

• one a.a. between the first two conserved cysteine residues
• nomenclature CXCL8

Question 3

What chemokine is targeted more to neutrophils than other immune cells?

Answer 3

CXC or alpha chemokine

has an a.a. separating the first two conserved cysteines

Question 4

What chemokine lacks the first and third cysteins?

Answer 4

Gamma or C chemokine

XCL1

Question 5

What chemokine tends not to be a chemoattractant to neutrophils?

Answer 5

Beta Chemokine or CC chemokine

Question 6

What chemokine has their first two conserved cysteins adjacent to each other?

Answer 6

Beta Chemokine or CC chemokine

nomenclature CCL3

Question 7

What chemokines are chemoattractant to specific lymphocyte subsets?

Answer 7

XCL1

gamma chemokine or C chemokines

Question 8

what is the only member of their class of chemokine so far?

Answer 8

CX3CL1 is the only member of the CXXC chemokine class.

Question 9

What is the only example of chemokine that has to be cleaved from the cell surface?

Answer 9

CXXC chemokine, specifically

CX3CL1

Question 10

Commensal

Answer 10

Gut flora, our microbiome, part of our normal flora

Question 11

Opportunistic

Answer 11

disease only with weakened immune

Question 12

Epidemic

Answer 12

large geographic area in naive population

Question 13

Pandemic

Answer 13

global

Question 14

Obligate

Answer 14

Viruses lack their own metabolic machinery, thus, they need the hosts’ for vital function

Question 15

Rather than having a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, the XXX has what instead of nucleus and what else?

Answer 15

Rather than having a nucleus, bacteria has nucleoids and ribosomes.

Question 16

True or False: Most bacteria don’t cause disease.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

-Coccus

Answer 17

Spherical

Question 18

-Bacillus

Answer 18

Rod shaped

Question 19

-Spirillum

Answer 19

spiral shape

Question 20

-Vibrio

Answer 20

Curved rod or comma shaped

Question 21

Strepto-

Answer 21

chains

Question 22

Staphylo-

Answer 22

in clusters

Question 23

Diplo-

Answer 23

Pairs

Question 24

Gram what stains purple and why?

Answer 24

Gram Positive stains Purple

bc of thick peptidoglycan wall

Question 25

Which gram bacteria has LPS, lipopolysacchride?

Answer 25

Gram Negative Bacteria

Question 26

Lysozyme can't degrade gram negative bacteria

Answer 26

Gram Negative has an outer membrane before the peptidoglycan wall, so the outer membrane protects it.

Question 27

Has o specific side chains and thin | peptidoglycan layer

Answer 27

Gram Negative

Question 28

periplasmic Space

Answer 28

Space b/w cell wall and cytoplasmic MEMBRANE for positive. SMALL PERIPLASMIC SPACE in gram positive For negative, space b/w the outer and inner membrane

Question 29

Acid fast stain

Answer 29

Mycobacteria and Nocardia

Question 30

Acid works well with

Answer 30

bacteria with fatty acid, waxes, lipids, mycolic acid

Question 31

Steps for Acid fast stain

Answer 31

stain everything carbofulshin red HCL decolorize everything except acid fast bacteria Methylene blue stains non-acid fast bacteria blue

Question 32

Bactria are classified by four properties

Answer 32

1. shapes 2. stains 3. need oxygen or not 4. their metabolism, antibiotic susceptibility

Question 33

Fungi eurkaryotic or prokaryotic

Answer 33

Eukaryotic | Bacteria are prokaryotes

Question 34

Fungi ergocholesterol or cholesterol

Answer 34

ergocholesterol

Question 35

Molds are - cellular and yeast are -cellular. Molds have chicken legs and reproduce either xx or xx and yeast reproduce by xx/xx

Answer 35

Molds are MULTIcellular and yeast are UNIcellular. Molds have hyphae and can reproduce asexual or sexually. Yeast reproduce by budding/fission

Question 36

Hyphae

Answer 36

Molds

Question 37

Opportunistic mycoses

Answer 37

weakened immune system causes commensual fungi to affect the individual

Question 38

``` Which is asymptomatic? superficial mycoses cutaneous mycoses SQ mycoses endemic/systemic mycoses ```

Answer 38

superficial mycoses

Question 39

Which mycoses affects the cornea, uscle, CT, deeper layers of skin?

Answer 39

SQ mycoses

Question 40

keratin containg hair, nail, skin symptomatic

Answer 40

Cutaneous mycoses

Question 41

Superficial mycoses: cosmetic/non-destructive, hair shaft/superficial skin cells Cutaneous mycoses: keratin containing hair, nails, skin, SYMPTOMATIC SQ mycoeses: deeper layer of skin, cornea, muscle, CT, local but SYMPTOMATIC Endemic/Systemic: ex lung with dissemination to other organs in immunedeficent ppl Opportunisti mycoses: immune deficient, commensual fugi

Answer 41

Superficial mycoses: cosmetic/non-destructive, hair shaft/superficial skin cells Cutaneous mycoses: keratin containing hair, nails, skin, SYMPTOMATIC SQ mycoeses: deeper layer of skin, cornea, muscle, CT, local but SYMPTOMATIC Endemic/Systemic: ex lung with dissemination to other organs in immunedeficent ppl Opportunisti mycoses: immune deficient, commensual fugi

Question 42

Trophozoite

Answer 42

activated, feeding stage in the life cycle of certain protozoa

Question 43

Schizogomy

Answer 43

multiple fission followed by separation

Question 44

Conjugation

Answer 44

two haploid protozoa fuse to create zygote

Question 45

Locomotion

Answer 45

Protozoa pseudopodia cell extension that flow in direction travelled cilia flagella

Question 46

Flagella vs Cilia

Answer 46

Flagella fewer, longer, more whiplike

Question 47

Parasite eukaryotic protozoa eukaryotic stramenopila eukaryotic metazoa

Answer 47

eukaryotic protoza parasites are single celled eukaryotic stramenopila parasites are single celled eukaryotic metazoa parasites are multicellular

Question 48

Transmission of virus from animal reservoirs

Answer 48

are called zoonoses

Question 49

Dead gram negative bacteria secrete

Answer 49

dead gram negative bacteria secrete endotoxins

Question 50

Exotoxins Vs Endotoxins

Answer 50

Endotoxins are from gram negative bacteria LPS systemic Exotoxins are from gram positive bacteria

Question 51

What creates a biofilm with what?

Answer 51

Fungi creates a biofilm with bacteria

Question 52

Are megakaryocytes considered to be leukocytes?

Answer 52

No

Question 53

Myeloid stem cells give rise to what to turns to what that eventually turns into rbc?

Answer 53

Myeloid stem cell > proerthryocyte > reticulocyte > erythrocyte