Generalities

Question 1

mnemonics

protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 1

buys AT 30, CELLS for 50

• aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
• chloramphenicol, macrolides (erythromycin), lincosamides (clindamycin), linezolid, streptogamins (dalfopristin/quinupristin)

Question 2

only bacteria with sterols

Answer 2

mycoplasmas

Question 3

aka as transposable elements, jumping genes

Answer 3

transposons

Question 4

standard autoclave conditions

Answer 4

121 deg C
15-20 min
15 psi

Question 5

lysozymes kill bacteria by cleaving which part of the cell wall

Answer 5

B 1→4 glycosidic bond between NAG and NAM

Question 6

Teichoic acid unique to

Answer 6

gram (+)

Question 7

LPS and periplasmic space unique to

Answer 7

gram (-)

Question 8

in gram (-) bacteria endotoxin (LPS) consist of

Answer 8

lipid A anf O antigen → induction of IL-1 and TNF

Question 9

all gram (+) bacteria have no endotoxin except

Answer 9

listeria monocytogenes

Question 10

component of gram neg cell walls that reduces its susceptibility to lysozymes

Answer 10

outer membrane

Question 11

oldest acid fast staining method which requires heating the specimen during the procedure

Answer 11

Ziehl Neelsen

Question 12

aka cold carbolfuschin

Answer 12

Kinyoun

Question 13

mnemonics

bacteria not seen in gram stain

Answer 13

these rascals may microscopically lack color

• treponema
• rickettsia
• mycobacteria
• mycoplasma
• legionella
• chlamydia

Question 14

ALL bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT

Answer 14

bacillus anthracis

polypeptide of D-glutamate

Question 15

destroys or eliminates ALL forms of microbial life including spores

Answer 15

Sterilization

Question 16

eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms except bacterial spores or inanimate objects

Answer 16

disinfection

Question 17

disinfection of living tissue

Answer 17

antisepsis

Question 18

reducing microbial contamination to an acceptable “safe” level

Answer 18

sanitization

Question 19

physical removal of microoganisms by using soaps

Answer 19

degerming or cleaning

Question 20

mnemonics

obligate aerobes

Answer 20

nosy and nagging pests must breathe lots of oxygen

• nocardia
• neisseria
• pseudomonas
• mycobacteria
• bordetella/ brucella/ b.cereus
• legionella

Question 21

mnemonics

obligate anaerobes

Answer 21

ABC of anaerobes

actinomyces
bacteroides
clostridium

Question 22

mnemonics

prophage-coded bacteria

Answer 22

lysogenized strains of abcde

shiga-like toxin:EHEC
botulinum
cholera 
diphteria 
erythrogenic toxin

Question 23

destroys both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages (eg. PVL)

Answer 23

leucocidin

Question 24

known as spreading factor

responsible for the dev of cellulitis from a small furuncle

Answer 24

hyaluronidases

Question 25

mnemonics | bacteria with IgA protease

Answer 25

SHINe My Gong strep pneumoniae h infulenza n meningitidis n gonorrhea

Question 26

all exotoxins are heat labile except

Answer 26

staphylococcal enterotoxin

Question 27

agar for clostridium perfringens

Answer 27

egg yolk

Question 28

agar for corynebacterium diphtheriae

Answer 28

tellurite

Question 29

agar for group D strep

Answer 29

bile esculin

Question 30

agar for staphylococci

Answer 30

mannitol salts

Question 31

agar for n meningitidis, n gonorrhea from sterile sites

Answer 31

chocolate

Question 32

agar for n gonorrhea nonsterile sites

Answer 32

thayer-martin

Question 33

agar for haemophilus influenza

Answer 33

chocolate + factors X and V

Question 34

agar for mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 34

lowenstein-jensen

Question 35

agar for vibrio cholerae

Answer 35

thiosulfate citrate bile salts

Question 36

agar for bordetella pertussis

Answer 36

bordet gangou

Question 37

agar for legionella pneumophila

Answer 37

charcoal yeast agar

Question 38

agar for campylobacter, helicobacter

Answer 38

skirrows

Question 39

agar for borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 39

barbour-stoenner-kelly (BSK)

Question 40

agar for mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 40

eaton

Question 41

agar for salmonella. shigella

Answer 41

xylose-lysine-deoxycholate

Question 42

agar for leptospira interrogans

Answer 42

ellinghausen-mccollough-johnson-harris (EMJH)/ flether's

Question 43

drugs excellent BBB with or without inflammation

Answer 43

``` sulfonamides chloramphenicol trimethoprim metronidazole rifampicin isoniazid fluconazole flucytosine ```

Question 44

drugs good BBB with inflammation

Answer 44

penicillins cephalosporins: cefuroxime 2nd, 3rd gen parenteral (except Cefoperazone); 4th gen - imipenem + cliastatin - meropenem - aztreonam - ciprofloxacin - vancomycin

Question 45

drugs minimal or not good BBB even with inflammation

Answer 45

aminoglycosides tetracyclines lincosamides macrolides

Question 46

drugs no BBB peneration

Answer 46

polymyxins 1st and 2nd gen ceph amphotericin B

Question 47

mechanism of resistance of beta lactams

Answer 47

hydrolysis, mutant PBP

Question 48

mechanism of resistance of tetracycline

Answer 48

active efflux form the cell

Question 49

mechanism of resistance of aminoglycosides

Answer 49

inactivation of enzymes

Question 50

mechanism of resistance of sulfonamides

Answer 50

overproduction of target

Question 51

mechanism of resistance of fluoroquinolones

Answer 51

mutant DNA gyrase

Question 52

mechanism of resistance of chloramphenicol

Answer 52

reduced uptake into cell

Question 53

mechanism of resistance of vancomycin

Answer 53

reprogramming of D-ala D-ala

Question 54

mechanism of resistance of Quinuprisitn/dalfopristin

Answer 54

ribosomal methylation

Question 55

mechanism of resistance of macrolides, erythromycin

Answer 55

RNA methylation, drug efflux