Genes, Transcription, Mitosis, Meiosis

Question 1

A chromosome contains ______ ___ _____ ______

Answer 1

Millions of base pairs

Question 2

What is another word to describe a nucleotide polymer?

Answer 2

A polynucleotide

Question 3

T/F: Nitrogenous bases are basic (pH wise)

Answer 3

True!

Question 4

Nitrogenous bases can be divided into 2 group types; what do these 2 groups consist of?

Answer 4

1. Thymine + Cytosine (single-ring structures)
2. Adenine + Guanine (larger, double-ring structures)

Question 5

RNA contains ________ sugars whereas DNA contains __________ sugars

Answer 5

1. Ribose
2. Deoxyribose

Question 6

DNA is composed of a ______ ________ backbone

Answer 6

Sugar phosphate

Question 7

What are the 2 main functions of DNA polymerase?

Answer 7

1. DNA replication
2. Repairing DNA that has been damaged (i.e. toxic chemicals or high energy radiation)

Question 8

Which process happens first; transcription or translation?

Answer 8

Transcription

Question 9

What are DNA polymerases?

Answer 9

Enzymes that synthesize DNA

Question 10

What is a genotype?

Answer 10

An organisms’ genetic makeup

Question 11

What is a phenotype?

Answer 11

An organisms’ physical individual traits

Question 12

What is transcription?

Answer 12

The transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule

Question 13

What is translation?

Answer 13

The transfer of genetic information from mRNA into a polypeptide (protein strand)

Question 14

What is the main function of a DNA gene?

Answer 14

To dictate the production of a polypeptide

Question 15

What are codons?

Answer 15

A sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes information for the production of a specific amino acid or serves as a stop signal to terminate protein synthesis

Question 16

What are anticodons?

Answer 16

Anticodons are sequences of nucleotides that are complementary to codons, and are found in tRNAs

Question 17

What are chromosomes?

Answer 17

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

Question 18

What is the function of a DNA helicase?

Answer 18

Unzips the double strand of DNA

Question 19

What is the main function of a DNA polymerase?

Think of DNA replication

Answer 19

To synthesize DNA by adding nucleotides one by one to help form a DNA chain

Question 20

T/F: DNA is fully conservative

Answer 20

False! DNA is semi-conservative when it comes to its replication process

Question 21

T/F: DNA is directional

Answer 21

True, but DNA polymerase only runs 1 way

Question 22

DNA is wrapped around _________ __________?

Answer 22

Histone proteins

Question 23

What is the difference between sister chromatids and chromosomes?

Answer 23

Sister chromatids are duplicated DNA pairs that are connected at the centromere but separate DNA pairs are known as chromosomes

Question 24

What is a diploid?

Answer 24

When you have 2 homologous chromosomes; contains two complete sets of chromosomes

Question 25

What is a haploid?

Answer 25

Cells that contains one complete set of chromosomes; one member of of each pair of homologous chromosomes

Question 26

What is the point of meiosis?

Answer 26

To divide cells to go from diploid cells to haploid through 2 rounds of division through PMAT I & II (to get cells that look different from parental cells)

Question 27

T/F: DNA is antiparallel (strands)

Answer 27

True! Remember 5' (prime) to 3' (prime) and 3' to 5'

Question 28

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Answer 28

To replicate chromosomes which will eventually get separated into two separate nuclei

Question 29

What are all 5 stages of mitosis? (Include the stage before prophase 0-5)

Answer 29

0. Interphase 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase 5. Cytokinesis

Question 30

The cell cycle consists of:

Answer 30

1. Interphase and M phase 2. Division

Question 31

What is biotechnology?

Answer 31

The use of an organism or a component of an organism to make a product/process

Question 32

How does genetic recombination occur naturally?

Answer 32

Through the process of Meiosis

Question 33

What process occurs in cell division?

Answer 33

Reproduction

Question 34

What is the name of the two cells that get created and are a result of cell division?

Answer 34

Daughter cells; they are genetically identical to each other and the original "parent" cell

Question 35

Chromosomes contain most of the cell's _______?

Answer 35

DNA

Question 36

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 36

The creation of genetically identical offspring from a single parent without the presence of sperm or eggs

Question 37

What type of cell division (process) is responsible for the growth, maintenance and asexual reproduction of multicellular organisms?

Answer 37

Mitosis

Question 38

How does sexual reproduction differ from asexual reproduction?

Answer 38

Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of sperm to egg; asexual reproduction does not include sperm or eggs

Question 39

What are gametes?

Answer 39

Egg and sperm cells

Question 40

T/F: Meiosis only occurs in reproductive organs

Answer 40

True!

Question 41

T/F: Gametes do not have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell that gave rise to it

Answer 41

False! Gametes DO have half as many chromosomes from the involved parent cell

Question 42

What type of cell division (process) is responsible for the reproduction of cells?

Answer 42

Meiosis

Question 43

Chromosomes are made up of a material called _______

Answer 43

Chromatin

Question 44

What are histones?

Answer 44

Small proteins that are associated with DNA (all packed up)

Question 45

What are nucleosomes?

Answer 45

Beads that attach to DNA that is wound around several histone molecules

Question 46

Y/N: Before a cell divides, do chromosomes condense even further?

Answer 46

Yes! A cell must compact its DNA before it can divide or move to a new cell

Question 47

What are sister chromatids?

Answer 47

Two identical copies of the same chromosome formed by DNA replication

Question 48

What process MUST happen before cell division?

Answer 48

The duplication of all chromosomes

Question 49

Chromosome duplication leads to _______ _________?

Answer 49

Sister chromatids

Question 50

Once the cell divides, the sister chromatids ________ where they once again become a __________ where each _______ gets distributed to one individual ________ _____.

Answer 50

Separate; chromosome; chromosome; daughter cell

Question 51

What are centromeres?

Answer 51

The linkage point between two sister chromatids

Question 52

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 52

The "lifetime" of a cell; the process of birth to its own reproduction

Question 53

T/F: Most of the cell cycle is not spent in interphase

Answer 53

False! Most of the time, cells are hanging out in interphase

Question 54

What happens in the stage of Interphase in a cell cycle?

Answer 54

Cells perform their normal functions within an organism

Question 55

What are the 3 sub-phases of Interphase?

Answer 55

1. G1 stage (first gap) *growth* 2. S phase (DNA synthesis & chromosome duplication) 3. G2 stage (second gap) *growth*

Question 56

What part of the cell cycle deals with the division of cells?

Answer 56

Mitosis (mitotic phase)

Question 57

What happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 57

The cytoplasm and all of the cell's organelles are divided into 2 cells

Question 58

What are mitotic spindles?

Answer 58

Structures that are attached to centrosomes that form during cell division and separates duplicated chromosomes by latching on to the centromere

Question 59

What are centrosomes?

Answer 59

Organelles that serve as a main microtubule organizing center of a eukaryotic cell

Question 60

T/F: Asexual reproduction offspring are exact genetic replicas of that one parent and of each other

Answer 60

True!

Question 61

T/F: Each offspring of sexual reproduction inherits a unique combination of genes from both parents

Answer 61

True!

Question 62

Somatic cells can be more simply thought of as ____ _____

Answer 62

Body cells

Question 63

A typical human body cell contains how many chromosomes?

Answer 63

46

Question 64

What are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 64

Chromosomes that carry genes that are controlling the same inherited characteristics (i.e. freckles at the same location on the duplicated sister chromatids; same gene at same location for both)

Question 65

T/F: 2 homologous chromosomes can have different versions of the same gene

Answer 65

True

Question 66

What are sex chromosomes?

Answer 66

Chromosomes that determine a person's sex (male/female)

Question 67

FITB: Males have one X chromosome and one ___ chromosome

Answer 67

Y

Question 68

FITB: Females have 2 ___ chromosomes

Answer 68

X

Question 69

What is the diploid number in human cells?

Answer 69

46 (2n)

Question 70

What is the haploid number in human cells?

Answer 70

23 (n)

Question 71

What process occurs when a haploid sperm fuses with a haploid egg? (It starts with an F and ends with an N)

Answer 71

Fertilization

Question 72

What are zygotes?

Answer 72

Fertilized eggs

Question 73

T/F: Zygotes are not diploid

Answer 73

False! They are diploid due to the fact that a sperm must fertilize an egg (two components to make 1 product; which is the zygote)

Question 74

T/F: Producing haploid (NOT DIPLOID) gametes through the process of meiosis keeps the chromosome number from doubling in every generation

Answer 74

True!

Question 75

What are non-sister chromatids?

Answer 75

Chromatids that consist of one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid of a homologous pair

Question 76

What is the difference between gametes and zygotes?

Answer 76

Gametes are sperm and egg; zygotes are eukaryotic cells

Question 77

What are the 6 components of Transcription?

Answer 77

1. Gene 2. Messenger RNA 3. RNA polymerase 4. Promoter 5. Template strand 6. Non-template strand

Question 78

T/F: DNA and RNA are nucleic acids

Answer 78

True!

Question 79

What is a frameshift mutation?

Answer 79

A mutation that involves removal or insertion of nucleotides (base pairs) and alters the original sequence of base pairs

Question 80

What are the two steps in protein synthesis?

Answer 80

1. Transcription (DNA → mRNA) 2. Translation (mRNA → protein)

Question 81

T/F: In transcription, RNA polymerase will add complementary bases to a DNA coding strand

Answer 81

True!

Question 82

T/F: RNA polymerase adding complementary bases to a complete DNA coding strand (replication) is called mRNA

Answer 82

True!

Question 83

Uncoiled stringy DNA is also known as ____________.

Answer 83

Chromatin

Question 84

Before mitosis occurs, what action does DNA do?

Answer 84

Replication

Question 85

Why is mitosis important?

Answer 85

To help with growth, development and healing processes

Question 86

In mitosis, what happens during Prophase?

Answer 86

Chromosomes condense and are visible within the nucleus, chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell, nucleus eventually disintegrates

Question 87

Each half of a chromosome is known as a ________ __________.

Answer 87

Sister chromatid

Question 88

T/F: Sister chromatids of a chromosome are not identical to one another

Answer 88

False; they are identical

Question 89

What happens in Metaphase in Mitosis?

Answer 89

Chromosomes move single file to the center of the cell along the metaphase plate

Question 90

What happens in Anaphase in Mitosis?

Answer 90

Sister chromatids are split apart

Question 91

What happens in Telophase in Mitosis?

Answer 91

2 diploid daughter cells are being created and the nucleus gets reformed in both daughter cells. Then the chromosomes uncoil to make chromatin again.

Question 92

In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This will result in _________

Answer 92

Cells with more than 1 nucleus

Question 93

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely _______ cell in ________

Answer 93

A plant; Cytokinesis

Question 94

Stages of Mitosis in order (5 steps)

Answer 94

1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase 5. Cytokinesis