Macromolecules, evolution & populations

Question 1

Non-polar bonds

Answer 1

Equal sharing of electrons

Question 2

Polar bonds

Answer 2

Unequal sharing of electrons

Question 3

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 3

An interaction involving a hydrogen atom and two other atoms having a high affinity for electrons (i.e. hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen)

Question 4

Covalent bonds

Answer 4

A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons

Question 5

Ribose

Answer 5

A simple sugar and carbohydrate that has a tail end of —OH

Question 6

Deoxyribose

Answer 6

A monosaccharide that has a tail end of —H

Question 7

5 main Lipid categories

Answer 7

Fats, oils, waxes, steroids & phospholipids

Question 8

Monoglycerides

Answer 8

A type of fatty acid that is linked to glycerol

Question 9

Diglycerides

Answer 9

A glyceride that consists of two fatty acids chains that are covalently bonded

Question 10

Lipid functions

Answer 10

Storing energy, regulating hormones, transmitting nerve impulses, cushioning organs

Question 11

Hydrophobic

Answer 11

Molecules that are repelled by water/insoluble in water

Question 12

Hydrophilic

Answer 12

Molecules that are attracted to water/soluble in water

Question 13

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Answer 13

Monosaccharides

Question 14

T/F: Lipids have monomers and polymers

Answer 14

False! Lipids are a unique group of macromolecules that are not considered as polymers; therefore they have no monomers

Question 15

Proteins are made up of ________ __________ ?

Answer 15

Amino acids

Question 16

What is the monomer of protein?

Answer 16

Amino acids

Question 17

What is the simple definition of an organelle?

Answer 17

Little parts of a cell that come together to do a job

Question 18

What are isomers?

Answer 18

Molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different structures (i.e. ethanol vs dimethyl ester)

Question 19

Cell walls are found in…

Answer 19

Plants, archea, & bacteria but NOT animals

Question 20

T/F: Cell wall material will differ between plants, bacteria and archea

Answer 20

True! While all of these organisms have cell walls, they are each composed of different materials

Question 21

Natural selection is always ______?

Answer 21

Adaptive

Question 22

What is a dehydration reaction?

Answer 22

A chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule (most commonly seen in amino acids)

Question 23

What are peptide bonds?

Answer 23

Short chains of amino acids connected together (one amino acid group connected to another amino acid group)

Question 24

What are ionic bonds?

Answer 24

A type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions (or with two atoms with different electronegativities)

Question 25

Electronegativity increases ________ (vertically/horizontally) as you go farther to the right

Answer 25

Horizontally

Question 26

Electronegativity decreases as you go down ______ (vertically/horizontally)?

Answer 26

Vertically

Question 27

What is cohesion?

Answer 27

The action in which like molecules stick together (due to mutual attraction)

Question 28

What is adhesion?

Answer 28

The tendency for dissimilar particles to cling to one another

Question 29

What is diffusion?

Answer 29

The net (overall) movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Question 30

What is osmosis?

Answer 30

The diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration

Question 31

T/F: Diffusion is a passive process; (doesn't require energy from the cell)

Answer 31

True!

Question 32

Weak chemical bonds are known as _________ ______?

Answer 32

Hydrogen bonds

Question 33

What are the 3 domains of cells?

Answer 33

1) Bacteria 2) Archea 3) Eukarya

Question 34

T/F: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus

Answer 34

False

Question 35

T/F: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Variable groups in macromolecules determine the _________ of the macromolecule?

Answer 36

Function

Question 37

What are the 8 characteristics of living things?

Answer 37

1. Order/complexity 2. Cells 3. Growth & development 4. Energy processing 5. Homeostasis (regulation) 6. Response to environment 7. Reproduction 8. Evolution

Question 38

What is an ecosystem?

Answer 38

A local community of living and non-living organisms

Question 39

What is a biome?

Answer 39

A global community of living and non-living organisms that have similar regional climates

Question 40

What is a community?

Answer 40

Interactions among populations

Question 41

What are populations?

Answer 41

The number of organisms of the same species that live in a particular geographic area simultaneously; that have the ability to interbreed

Question 42

What are organisms?

Answer 42

Individual species that are the unit of natural selection

Question 43

T/F: Every object in the universe is composed of matter

Answer 43

True

Question 44

What is taxonomy?

Answer 44

The branch of biology that deals with the identification, naming and classification of species

Question 45

What is the Linnean System?

Answer 45

A method in which the naming of species and hierarchical classifications is made into broader groups of organisms

Question 46

Define the word binomial

Answer 46

The two parts that must be used together to name a species

Question 47

What is a genus?

Answer 47

A group of closely related species; contains 2 parts made up of a binomial (genus and distinguishing species within a genus)

Question 48

What is natural selection?

Answer 48

The process in which individuals with certain inheritable hereditary genes are more likely to survive and reproduce compared to other individuals with less heritable traits

Question 49

What are evolutionary adaptations?

Answer 49

A feature that occurs due to natural selection

Question 50

What is molecular biology?

Answer 50

The study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression

Question 51

What is artificial selection?

Answer 51

The selective breeding of domesticated plants & animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring; (includes variation and heritability)

Question 52

What is heritability?

Answer 52

The transmission of a trait from parent to offspring

Question 53

What is fitness?

Answer 53

The survival and reproductive success of an individual

Question 54

What is a gene pool?

Answer 54

A pool that contains copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of a population

Question 55

What is microevolution?

Answer 55

The changes in a populations' genetic makeup from generation to generation

Question 56

What are the 5 principles of Evolutionary change?

Answer 56

1. Mutations 2. Genetic drift 3. Gene flow 4. Non-random mating 5. Natural selection

Question 57

What are the 4 principles of Natural Selection?

Answer 57

1. Individual variation 2. Inheritance of traits (hereditary) 3. Fitness varies among individuals 4. Variation in fitness is not due to chance

Question 58

What is evolution?

Answer 58

The genetic change over time in a population

Question 59

What are vestigial structures?

Answer 59

Remnants of features that served important functions in the organisms ancestors

Question 60

What is an evolutionary tree?

Answer 60

A branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among various biological species

Question 61

Which mechanism of microevolution tends to reduce differences between populations?

Answer 61

Gene flow