Geology Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
What are 5 common types of metals?
Fe,Al,Cu,Pb, Zn
A
- Iron
- Aluminum
- Copper
- Lead
- Zinc
2
Q
Which 4 countries are responsible for the largest iron ore production?
AUIBC
A
- Australia
- India
- Brazil
- China
3
Q
How are metals formed?
A
Within stars
4
Q
T/F: Most elements are found in the rocks and soil all over Earth
A
True!
5
Q
Elements with high and low atomic numbers are correlated with the elements’ __________
A
Abundance
6
Q
Elements (metals) that range from 1-26 are more _________ than metals that go beyond 26 (Iron)
A
Abundant
7
Q
Economic value is typically correlated to __________
A
Abundance
8
Q
Metals are obtained from _________
A
Minerals
9
Q
What are minerals?
A
Naturally occurring inorganic solids that have distinct chemical compositions
10
Q
We destroy ______ to obtain ________.
A
Minerals; metals
11
Q
What is nuclear fusion?
A
The process in which atoms combine together to make a larger molecule
12
Q
T/F: Nuclear fusion hardly releases any energy
A
False! It actually releases a lot of energy!
13
Q
What is nucleosynthesis?
A
The cosmic formation of atoms that are more complex than hydrogen atoms
14
Q
What is a supernova?
A
The violent explosion of a star and the subsequent ejection of material into space
15
Q
What are valence electrons?
A
Electrons that are found in the outermost electron shell of an atom
16
Q
T/F: The number of electrons in an atom’s outermost valence shell governs its bonding behavior
A
True
17
Q
What are native elements?
A
Pure elements that occur naturally in mineral form (gold, copper, silver, etc)
18
Q
What are the 2 main elements that a majority of metals bind with?
A
- Sulfur (sulfides)
- Oxygen (oxides)
19
Q
What are ores?
A
Rocks/minerals that contain desirable elements in high concentrations and in a form that can be easily mined, extracted and profitable
20
Q
What is grade?
A
The content of a valuable material (metal) in a rock; usually expressed as a percentage by weight
21
Q
T/F: Many minerals have high grades
A
False; many minerals have low grades. Gold is an exception to this; it has a high grade.
22
Q
What is a concentration factor?
A
The enrichment of an ore that is needed to be made profitable through mining
23
Q
Geologic processes can be concentrated in 5 different ways:
A
- Igneous process
- Metamorphic activity
- Sedimentary processes
- Biological processes
- Weathering/soil development
24
Q
Plate tectonics play a major role in the ________ and _________ of geologic resources
A
Distribution; concentration
25
What is the "Hubbert Curve"?
A simulation of the approximate production rate of a resource over time
26
T/F: The Hubbert Curve applied to the production of whale oil and coal
True
27
What are "Black Smokers" and where are they found?
Ore factories of the deep found in mid-ocean ridges
28
Why should we mine the moon?
For water, helium and rare earth metals
29
The oldest tin alloy bronzes date back to what two years?
3500 to 4500 BC
30
Bronze hammers are good to use around flammable vapors because....
They don't spark
31
What is the primary metal in pennies made today?
Zinc
32
26% of the Earth's crust is made up of which metal? (As an oxide or silicate)
Silicon
33
Lead is harmful to _________
Everybody
34
Which of the following regulates the international standards of impurities in cosmetics?
There are no standards
35
Which of the following did Roman cooks use to sweeten food and wine?
Sapa
36
The Romans that ingested the most lead were the ___________?
Aristocrats
37
The region studied in the Global demand for gold paper was in ______ ________.
South America
38
Gold mining can impact surrounding ecosystems through which 3 things?
1. Use of mercury
2. Degradation of vegetation
3. Increasing sedimentation rates
39
What country purchases the most gemstones?
The United States
40
What kind of gemstone do U.S. consumers spend most of their money on?
Diamonds
41
The recipe for glass is fundamentally ___ ____ ____ it was in Ancient Egypt, Rome and Persia
The same as
42
___________ mining is the extraction of stone, sand, rock, or similar materials from natural deposits
Nonmetallic
43
Who regulates nonmetallic mining in Wisconsin?
County and local zoning bodies
44
What mineral is often used as an indicator mineral to help find diamonds?
Garnets
45
Which of the following is NOT a major type of pottery?
Porcelain
Earthenware
Stoneware
Sintered ceramics
Sintered ceramics
46
Limestone is composed of _____ ______
Calcium carbonate
47
What is the cheapest method for shipping limestone?
By barge on water
48
When an area of suitable and mineable rock is swallowed up by urban growth or when mining becomes prohibited by legislation or zoning, the result is called _________ __________
Resource sterilization
49
Where is gold primarily found (outside of the United States)?
South Africa, Russia, Australia & Canada
50
Where is gold found within the United States?
Alaska and Nevada
51
Where can you find Lithium?
Brines, such as salt flats and saltwater lakes, tectonic boundaries & places where igneous activity occurs
52
Outside of the US, where is Magnesium found? (6 different countries)
China, North Korea, Brazil, Greece, Russia & Austria
53
Where is mercury produced in the US?
California
54
What countries is Mercury located in?
Albania, Peru, Italy, Spain, Slovenia, China, Chile & Kyrgyzstan
55
Which countries is Palladium found in?
South Africa, Russia & Canada
56
Where can you find Potassium?
Canada, China, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Israel, US
57
Where can you find Radium?
In nature; rocks, waters, soils, plants
58
T/F: Radium is not a naturally occurring element
False; it is naturally occurring!
59
Where is titanium found? (Hint: Not a country or the US)
Produced from minerals such as rutile, ilmenite, perovskite, sphene, titanite and iron ore
60
What countries can you find Tungsten in?
China, Russia, Bolivia, Vietnam, Rwanda
61
What countries can Vanadium be found in?
South Africa, China, Russia, Brazil, Australia, Peru
62
T/F: You can't find Vanadium in the US
False
63
T/F: Vanadium is found in Utah & Colorado
True
64
Which countries can Zirconium be found in?
Australia, South Africa, China, Indonesia
65
Which of the following can, or potentially, be made in space with 3-D printing?
Tools, human organs & tissues, building
66
"On the Moon, a lens could channel ________ to bake the dust, layer by layer"
Solar power
67
Which company wanted to take steam punk into space with a steam powered rocket?
Deep Space Industries
68
"According to Space Angels, _________ in equity capital poured into space companies in the first quarter of 2019..."
$1.7 billion
69
What have been called the Jekyll and Hyde of the solar system?
Asteroids
70
What asteroid did Osiris-Rex visit?
Bennu
71
What space organization was considering redirecting a large piece of an asteroid into lunar orbit?
NASA
72
Which of the following reasons were given as reasons to accurately map the inner solar system?
- To protect private industry investments in asteroids
- Identify asteroids that could hit Earth
- Identify resources for potential mining
- All of the above
All of the above
73
Which of the following is a system for gathering seafloor nodules with minimal environmental impact?
Apollo 2
74
What small island nation is pushing the world toward deep-sea mining?
Nauru
75
A modern computer chip uses _____ different elements
More than 60
76
According to the Graedel et al. paper, how many of the 62 metals that they examined had exemplary substitutes?
0
77
What country, or countries, produce substantial amounts of platinum?
South Africa and Russia
78
Of the 83 stable elements, at least ___ of them can be found in smartphones
70
79
How many different metals do some smartphones have in them?
62
80
Which of the rare earth elements is NOT found in smartphones?
Promethium
81
The strategic importance of rare earth elements to the United States is __________
High
82
There is a rare earth element mine in the U.S. called the ________ mine
Mountain Pass
83
What radioactive elements are typically found associated with rare earth elements?
Uranium and thorium
84
This Greek archipelago has been suggested as an inspiration for Atlantis.
Santorini
85
The oracle at Delphi would inhale vapors that emanated from a crack in the rock that the temple was built upon. What do we think she was probably inhaling?
Ethylene, benzene, or a mix of carbon dioxide and methane
86
Who is the Hawaiian goddess of fire and volcanoes?
Pele
87
Devil's tower appears to be the remnant of a _______________.
Volcanic neck, plug, or laccolith
88
What type of fish was though to be responsible for the earthquakes in Japan?
Catfish
89
The Makah indians on the Pacific coast of Washington state have a flood legend about the sea rising and falling several times over the course of a few days. This most likely represent a story about a ________________.
Tsunami
90
Dante imagined that the shape of Hell was like _______________.
An inverted cone (point down toward the center of Earth)
91
Dante's value of the radius of Earth was ____________ miles.
3250
92
A natural freshwater sinkhole in the Yucat'an is called a(n) _____________.
Cenote
93
There is a ring of denotes that formed along the edge of the _______________.
Chicxulub impact crater
94
Alice in Wonderland may have been inspired by sinkholes in ______________.
Ripon, North Yorkshire
95
The first Stone Age tools are approximately __________ years old.
2.6 million
96
What age immediately followed the Stone Age?
Bronze Age
97
Which of the following means Middle Stone Age?
Mesolithic
98
The last Ice Age ended approximately ____________ years ago.
12,000
99
According to Lombardo et al. (2015) what mineral was used with flint to make fire over 5000 years ago at Lake Zurich?
Pyrite
100
Lombardo et al. (2015) mentions that dendrochonological dating was used. What material does that dating technique utilize?
Tree rings
101
According to Gowlett (2016) how far back can we find direct evidence of fire in archaeological sites?
1.5 million year
102
According to Gowlett (2016), Darwin said that other than language, _____________ was the greatest discovery made by humans.
Fire
103
According to Gowlett (2016), how many distinct forms of fire use need to be considered?
3
104
According to Gowlett (2016), what is used as a lead aerosol record over the last 5000 years?
Ice cores
105
What mineral did Yee et al. 2004 turn into copper metal?
Malachite
106
What do you "typically" add to copper to get bronze?
Tin
107
According to Yee et al. (2004) when was this process used?
~ 14,000 B.C.E.
108
Which of the following was NOT a Bronze Age Civilization?
Mayan
109
Which of the following dynasty was in power in China during the Bronze Age?
Zhou
110
Where was the Tollense Valley?
Germany
111
What was found in the Tollense Valley?
Debris from a Bronze Age battle
112
What method of age-dating was used to determine the age of the artifacts in Tollense Valley?
Radiocarbon dating
113
According to Kristiansen, which groups would go into battle naked to demonstrate their skill, and lack of fear of their enemies?
Celtics
114
According to Kristiansen, which of the following are famous swords? Skraep, Excalibur, Hrunting
(All of these are famous swords)
115
The oldest tin alloy bronzes date back to _______________.
3500 to 4500 BC
116
Bronze hammers are good to use around flammable vapors because ______________.
They don't spark
117
What is the primary metal in pennies made today?
Zinc
118
26% of the Earth's crust is made up of which metal? (As an oxide or a silicate)
Silicon
119
Lead is harmful to _____________.
Everybody
120
Which of the following regulates the international standards of impurities in cosmetics?
There are no standards
121
Which of the following did Roman cooks use to sweeten food and wine?
Sapa
122
The Romans that ingested the most lead were the _____________.
Aristocrats
123
The region studied in the Global demand for gold paper was in _____________.
South America
124
Gold mining can impact surrounding ecosystems through ________.
Use of mercury, degradation of vegetation, increasing sedimentation rates or all of these
All of these
125
What country purchases the most gemstones?
United States
126
What kind of gemstone do U.S. consumers spend most of their money on?
Diamonds
127
The recipe for glass is fundamentally ________________ it was in Ancient Egypt, Rome, and Persia.
The same as
128
_____________________________ mining is the extraction of stone, sand, rock, or similar materials from natural deposits.
Nonmetallic
129
Who regulates nonmetallic mining in Wisconsin?
County and local zoning bodies
130
What mineral is often used as an indicator mineral to help find diamonds?
Garnets
131
Which of the following is NOT a major type of pottery?
Sintered ceramics
132
Limestone is composed of __________________.
Calcium carbonate
133
What is the cheapest method for shipping limestone?
By barge on water
134
When an area of suitable and mineable rock is swallowed up by urban growth or when mining becomes prohibited by legislation or zoning, the result is called _________________________.
Resource sterilization
135
Where is bauxite found in the world?
All over the world
136
Which country produces the most bauxite in the world?
Australia
137
How is Bauxite generally formed?
Through weathering
138
What types of areas is Bauxite ore found in?
Tropical and subtropical
139
What does coal mainly consist of?
Carbonized plant matter
140
What is the highest grade of coal?
Anthracite coal
141
Where in Europe did the Industrial Revolution start?
Britain
142
What percentage of the current world reserves are in the Asia - Pacific Region?
46.5%
143
What is geothermal energy?
Energy (heat) that is produced from the Earth
144
Where can geothermal be found most commonly?
Near tectonic plates
145
Geothermal energy requires what 3 components?
1. Heat
2. Fluid
3. Permeability
146
Geothermal energy is dispersed (unevenly/evenly) across the United States
Evenly
147
