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Biology Exam Prep > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Filial generation

A

Offspring of Parent generation

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2
Q

Parent generation

A

creator of offspring or starting point of experiment

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3
Q

Genes

A

unit of heredity passed to offspring. Contain alleles

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4
Q

True breeding

A

parents produce offspring that carry the same phenotype.

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5
Q

Purebred

A

all ancestors of the offspring will have the same phenotype

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6
Q

Hybrid

A

offspring of 2 different varieties

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7
Q

Alleles

A

alternative forms of a gene (Ex: AA and aa)

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8
Q

Multiple alleles

A

more than one allele for a trait (Ex: blood; I^A and i and I^B)

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9
Q

Codominance

A

neither allele masks the other (both traits visible) Ex: speckled chickens

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10
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

neither trait is dominant, resulting in a blend (Ex: pink flowers from red and white ones because both allele is equally present)

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11
Q

Complete dominance

A

one allele completely masks the other

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12
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

The inheritance of alleles for one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait

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13
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

a cross between the alleles of 2 different traits (16 squares instead of 4)

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14
Q

Recessive

A

overpowered, latent trait

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15
Q

Inheritance

A

the transmission of traits from parents to offspring

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16
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross studying one trait (4 squares)

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17
Q

Genotype

A

allele combinations for offspring – genetic makeup

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical representation of alleles

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19
Q

Punnett Square

A

Used to determine the outcomes of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses

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20
Q

Homozygous

A

the same gene in an allele (Ex: ii and AA)

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21
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different genes in an allele (Ex: Aa and Gg)

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22
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Inherited traits are determined by pairs of factors, which segregate in the gametes, with one in each gamete.

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23
Q

Principle of Dominance

A

When individuals with contrasting traits are crossed, the offspring will express only the dominant traits

24
Q

Mendelian ratio

A

3:1 ratio of F2 generation. 9:3:3:1 for the dihybrid cross

25
Q

Traits

A

distinct characteristics that make up an individual

26
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells

27
Q

Blending Theory of Inheritance

A

offspring were a blend of parental characteristics (19th century thought)

28
Q

Charles Darwin

A

theorized offspring had variations of parental characteristics but could not explain heredity.

29
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Experimented with pea plants and found answers to how traits were inherited.

30
Q

Latent characteristic

A

dormant characteristic

31
Q

Homologous pair

A

2 sister chromatids

32
Q

tetrad

A

2 homologous pairs (four chromosomes)

33
Q

Microtubules

A

tiny hollow rods that make spindle fibres and centrioles

34
Q

diploid

A

number of chromosomes in body cells (46)

35
Q

haploid

A

number of chromosomes in a gamete (23)

36
Q

Somatic cells

A

body cells

37
Q

G1 phase

A

metabolic processes to prepare for synthesis

38
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis. Duplication of DNA

39
Q

G2 phase

A

cells prepare for division

40
Q

G0 phase

A

rest phase that follows G1. Some cells do not replicate.

41
Q

Interphase

A

Growth stage (G1, S, G2)

42
Q

Cell cycle

A

Interphase and mitosis

43
Q

Daughter cell

A

cell created through mitosis

44
Q

spindle fibre

A

things that pull chromosomes during anaphase

45
Q

Centriole

A

Where the spindle fibres come from during metaphase

46
Q

Chromosome

A

sister chromatids or singular chromosome

47
Q

Chromatid

A

Singular half of a sister chromosome

48
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm pinches in half after mitosis

49
Q

Telophase 1 & 2

A

membranes are formed and division is complete

50
Q

Anaphase 1 & 2

A

breaking apart and going to opposite poles (a for away)

51
Q

Metaphase 1& 2

A

homologous pairs attach to spindle fibres and line up on the equatorial plate

52
Q

Prophase 1

A

Chromatids pair up in their homologous pairs and perform crossing over. Nuclear membranes dissolve and spindle fibres form.

53
Q

Prophase 2

A

Nuclear membranes dissolve and spindle fibres form

54
Q

Prophase (Mitosis)

A

Chromatin condenses; nuclear membrane dissolves; centrioles migrate to opposite poles; spindle fibres start to form.

55
Q

Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Biology Exam Prep (7 decks)

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