Genetics

Question 1

Filial generation

Answer 1

Offspring of Parent generation

Question 2

Parent generation

Answer 2

creator of offspring or starting point of experiment

Question 3

Genes

Answer 3

unit of heredity passed to offspring. Contain alleles

Question 4

True breeding

Answer 4

parents produce offspring that carry the same phenotype.

Question 5

Purebred

Answer 5

all ancestors of the offspring will have the same phenotype

Question 6

Hybrid

Answer 6

offspring of 2 different varieties

Question 7

Alleles

Answer 7

alternative forms of a gene (Ex: AA and aa)

Question 8

Multiple alleles

Answer 8

more than one allele for a trait (Ex: blood; I^A and i and I^B)

Question 9

Codominance

Answer 9

neither allele masks the other (both traits visible) Ex: speckled chickens

Question 10

Incomplete dominance

Answer 10

neither trait is dominant, resulting in a blend (Ex: pink flowers from red and white ones because both allele is equally present)

Question 11

Complete dominance

Answer 11

one allele completely masks the other

Question 12

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 12

The inheritance of alleles for one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait

Question 13

Dihybrid cross

Answer 13

a cross between the alleles of 2 different traits (16 squares instead of 4)

Question 14

Recessive

Answer 14

overpowered, latent trait

Question 15

Inheritance

Answer 15

the transmission of traits from parents to offspring

Question 16

Monohybrid cross

Answer 16

A cross studying one trait (4 squares)

Question 17

Genotype

Answer 17

allele combinations for offspring – genetic makeup

Question 18

Phenotype

Answer 18

Physical representation of alleles

Question 19

Punnett Square

Answer 19

Used to determine the outcomes of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses

Question 20

Homozygous

Answer 20

the same gene in an allele (Ex: ii and AA)

Question 21

Heterozygous

Answer 21

Different genes in an allele (Ex: Aa and Gg)

Question 22

Law of Segregation

Answer 22

Inherited traits are determined by pairs of factors, which segregate in the gametes, with one in each gamete.

Question 23

Principle of Dominance

Answer 23

When individuals with contrasting traits are crossed, the offspring will express only the dominant traits

Question 24

Mendelian ratio

Answer 24

3:1 ratio of F2 generation. 9:3:3:1 for the dihybrid cross

Question 25

Traits

Answer 25

distinct characteristics that make up an individual

Question 26

Gametes

Answer 26

sex cells

Question 27

Blending Theory of Inheritance

Answer 27

offspring were a blend of parental characteristics (19th century thought)

Question 28

Charles Darwin

Answer 28

theorized offspring had variations of parental characteristics but could not explain heredity.

Question 29

Gregor Mendel

Answer 29

Experimented with pea plants and found answers to how traits were inherited.

Question 30

Latent characteristic

Answer 30

dormant characteristic

Question 31

Homologous pair

Answer 31

2 sister chromatids

Question 32

tetrad

Answer 32

2 homologous pairs (four chromosomes)

Question 33

Microtubules

Answer 33

tiny hollow rods that make spindle fibres and centrioles

Question 34

diploid

Answer 34

number of chromosomes in body cells (46)

Question 35

haploid

Answer 35

number of chromosomes in a gamete (23)

Question 36

Somatic cells

Answer 36

body cells

Question 37

G1 phase

Answer 37

metabolic processes to prepare for synthesis

Question 38

S phase

Answer 38

Synthesis. Duplication of DNA

Question 39

G2 phase

Answer 39

cells prepare for division

Question 40

G0 phase

Answer 40

rest phase that follows G1. Some cells do not replicate.

Question 41

Interphase

Answer 41

Growth stage (G1, S, G2)

Question 42

Cell cycle

Answer 42

Interphase and mitosis

Question 43

Daughter cell

Answer 43

cell created through mitosis

Question 44

spindle fibre

Answer 44

things that pull chromosomes during anaphase

Question 45

Centriole

Answer 45

Where the spindle fibres come from during metaphase

Question 46

Chromosome

Answer 46

sister chromatids or singular chromosome

Question 47

Chromatid

Answer 47

Singular half of a sister chromosome

Question 48

Cytokinesis

Answer 48

cytoplasm pinches in half after mitosis

Question 49

Telophase 1 & 2

Answer 49

membranes are formed and division is complete

Question 50

Anaphase 1 & 2

Answer 50

breaking apart and going to opposite poles (a for away)

Question 51

Metaphase 1& 2

Answer 51

homologous pairs attach to spindle fibres and line up on the equatorial plate

Question 52

Prophase 1

Answer 52

Chromatids pair up in their homologous pairs and perform crossing over. Nuclear membranes dissolve and spindle fibres form.

Question 53

Prophase 2

Answer 53

Nuclear membranes dissolve and spindle fibres form

Question 54

Prophase (Mitosis)

Answer 54

Chromatin condenses; nuclear membrane dissolves; centrioles migrate to opposite poles; spindle fibres start to form.

Question 55

Mitosis

Answer 55

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase