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Bacteriology and Mycology Exam 1 > Genetics, Vaccines, Diagnostics > Flashcards

Genetics, Vaccines, Diagnostics Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

what is the general mechanism of gene transfer

A

-transformation
-conjugation
-transduction

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2
Q

define trasnformant

A

-cell that has taken up recipient DNA by transformation

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3
Q

define competent

A

-bacteria that can take up DNA naturally without artificial treatment

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4
Q

define homologous recombination

A

-identical or similar regions of DNA align and exchange by excision repair
-aka allelic exchange, strand replacement

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5
Q

define complementation

A

-mutated DNA expressed on plasmid (in trans) will correct the mutation

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6
Q

what type of DNA can bind to cells

A

double stranded DNA

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7
Q

what type of DNA can be taken up

A

single stranded DNA

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8
Q

what can induce competence

A

-calcium treatment of electroporation

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9
Q

parts of bacteriophage

A

-head
-tail
-fiber

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10
Q

what are bacteriophages

A

bacterial viruses

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11
Q

what is transduction

A

-process of transferring DNA form one bacterium to another by phage

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12
Q

lysogeny

A

-cells do not lyse, but phage DNA integrated into and replicates in host cell DNA
-determined by differences in G and C content of bacterial DNA

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13
Q

salmonella virulence factors

A

-O antigens (LPS)

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14
Q

clostridium botulinum virulence facotrs

A

types C and D toxigenic when infected by certain phage

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15
Q

e. coli virulence factors

A

-lysogenic lambda phage - gene encoding host cell envelope protein that provides serum resistance

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16
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria virulence factors

A

-B prophage carrier of diphtheria toxin tox gene

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17
Q

vibrio cholerae virulence factors

A

-cholera toxin genes expressed on prophage

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18
Q

what is a prophage

A

phage that has integrated into the genome

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19
Q

extrachromosomal pieces of DNA

A

-autonomously replicating – independent of chromosomes

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20
Q

plasmids definition

A

-genes of unknown origin
-often not needed for growth
-may contain genes encoding virulence factors

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21
Q

F factor definition

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A

-fertility factor
-genes that promote replication and transfer of factor to recipient cells
-conjugation

22
Q

R factor definition

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A

-F factor + genes encoding resistance to specific antibiotics
-RTF adn R determinants

23
Q

what is RTF

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A

-resistance transfer factor
-encodes origin of replication, sex pilin genes

24
Q

what are R determinants

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A

-genes encoding antibiotic resistance, heavy metal resistance, virulence factors, insertion sequences

25
transposons
-mobile genetic elements -jump form on region of chromosome or plasmid to another
26
mechanism of transposition (jumping)
-N element contains gene encoding transposase, binds to IR sites, mediates excision and insertion
27
net effects of transposon movement
-mutation resulting from insertion into middle of another gene -neutral event -- insertion next to intact gene -excision -- can carry along a neighboring gene
28
live vaccines
-attenuated -limited growth in host -possible reversion to virulence
29
killed vaccine
-chemically inactivated whole cells -stimulate only short Th1 response -not very effective
30
subunit vaccines
-has to be mixed with adjuvants to be effective
31
live recombinant vaccines
-gene for antigen expressed in a microbe
32
DNA vaccine
- gene encoding antigen expressed directly in immunized host -still need to find way to avoid gene silencing by host
33
recombinant DNA technologies
-targeted gene mutation -overexpression of genes
34
what can you use a plasmid containing a transposon for
-transform a pathogen and screen for KanR clones
35
type I transposon
-not affected -gene interrupted is not a virulence gene
36
type II transposon
-affected -gene interrupted is a virulence gene
37
sensitivity of DNA based test
-high sensitivity -can theoretically detect presence of a single organism
38
specificity of DNA based test
-high specificity -can detect specific genotypes -can determine drug resistance -can predict or confirm virulence
39
speed of DNA based test
-quicker than traditional culturing for certain organisms
40
uses for DNA based tests
-culture identify and confirmation -low numbers or difficult to isolate and grow -organisms present in small volumes in specimen (intraocular fluid, forensic samples) -molecular epidemiology (identify point sources for outbreaks) -zoonotic and highly infectious agents (minimize hazards) -non viable organisms (good for vaccines)
41
disadvantages of using DNA based test
-expensive -must have goof clinical data to support infection by that organism -- highly specific -will miss new organisms unless sequencing done problem with mixed culture infections
42
what does PCR do
exponential amplification of DNA
43
brucellosis, causitive agent
-zoonotic disease -causative agent is gram negative cocco bacillus genus Brucella
44
what does brucellosis do
abortion in livestock, caused by Brucella abortus
45
indirect diagnosis of brucellosis
serum, serology, antibiotics to O side chain
46
direct diagnosis of brucellosis
culture, identification
47
issues with diagnosis brucellosis
-Brucella grows very slow -biochemical phenotyping requires multiple tests -vaccine strain RB51 can cause abortions in pregnant cows
48
what does real time PCR signify
data collection and analysis occur as a reaction proceeds
49
advantages of real time PCR
-fast -can multiplex analysis -- 4-5 different fluorescent signals generated -can be automated for large sample numbers
50
MALDI-TOF
-matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight -doesn't give wrong name when can't identify something

Bacteriology and Mycology Exam 1 (26 decks)

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