Staphylococcus

Question 1

what gram, shape, and arrangement are stapylococcus

Answer 1

-gram positive
-cocci
-grape like clusters

Question 2

respiration, motility, spore forming?

Answer 2

-facultative anaerobe
-non motile (non flagellated)
-non spore forming

Question 3

catalase, media?

Answer 3

-catalase positive (detoxify H2O2)
-grow on high salt media – mannitol salt agar

Question 4

what does mannitol salt agar support and inhibit growth of

Answer 4

-supports most gram positive bacteria
-inhibits most gram negative bacteria
-inhibits streptococcus (gram+ but hates salt)

Question 5

what does staph aureus do to mannitol salt agar

Answer 5

ferment mannitol and change agar color from red to yellow

Question 6

what does staph epidermis do to mannitol salt agar

Answer 6

does not ferment mannitol, no color change (stays red)

Question 7

a, B, y hemolysis on blood agar

Answer 7

-a – incomplete hemolysis, green
-B – compete hemolysis, clear
-y – no hemolysis, no change in media

Question 8

what causes yellow color of staph aureus on blood agar

Answer 8

-carotenoid pigment staphyloxanthin (antioxidant)

Question 9

coagulase test

Answer 9

positive = more pathogenic
negative = less pathogenic, many in humans

Question 10

habitat of staphylococcus

Answer 10

-skin
-nasal cavity
-buccal cavity
-nasopharynx
-mammary gland
-groin region

Question 11

risk factors of staphylococcus

Answer 11

-opportunistic pathogen
-parasitic, fungal, viral infection
-shearing sheep, grooming dogs
-nutritional imbalances (zinc, vitamin deficiency)

Question 12

body structures – cell wall

Answer 12

-bacterial viability
-homeostasis
-protect from host lysozyme

Question 13

body structures – protein A

Answer 13

-grabs immunoglobulin so it can’t grab onto pathogens
-bind Fc of IgG
-blocks immune response, opsonization

Question 14

body structures – binding or clamping factors

Answer 14

-attachment to host proteins

Question 15

body structures – capsule (slime layer)

Answer 15

-adhesion
-prevents chemotaxis
-inhibit phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Question 16

enzymes – hyaluronidase

Answer 16

-breaks down connective tissue between adjacent cells

Question 17

enzymes – catalase

Answer 17

• protects against host ROS

Question 18

enzymes – coagulase

Answer 18

-clots blood to hide in it

Question 19

enzymes – staphylokinase

Answer 19

-lyses clots (fibrin) to come out of it and disperse itself

Question 20

enzymes – lipase

Answer 20

-digest lipids – can colonize skin surface and sebaceous glands

Question 21

enzymes – protease

Answer 21

-destroys tissue protiens

Question 22

enzymes – B-lactams

Answer 22

-inactivate B-lactam drugs, survive treatment

Question 23

toxins – hemolysin

Answer 23

• destroys RBC, neutrophils, macrophages, platelets

Question 24

toxins – cytolytic toxins (leuckocidin)

Answer 24

-destroy cell membranes of host cells (leukocytes)
-destroy WBC

Question 25

toxins -- exfoliative toxin

Answer 25

-separate skin layers, resulting in impetigo and skin layer peel off

Question 26

toxins -- toxic shock syndrome toxin

Answer 26

-superantigens (mass T cell activation)

Question 27

toxins -- enteotoxins

Answer 27

-food poisoning by stimulating gut mobility -superantigens

Question 28

staphylococcal pathogenesis steps

Answer 28

-adhesion and attachment on host cell surface or matrix -biofilm formation on host cell surface -advance for intracellular invasion, multiplication, persistence in host cell -inflammation, abscess formation, necrosis, bacteria encapsulation

Question 29

2 possible final outcomes of staph pathogenesis

Answer 29

-bacteria hide in dormant small colony variant formed in sequestra -abscess maturation, rupture, bacterial spread, bacteremia

Question 30

staphylococcus that are coagulase positive

Answer 30

S. aureus -- mammals, birds S. hyicus -- pigs S. pseudintermedius -- pets S. schleiferi -- pets

Question 31

staphylococcus that are coagulase negative

Answer 31

S. chromogenes -- mammals S. felis -- pets S. epidermis -- foot odor in humans

Question 32

the 4 directions staph species advance from

Answer 32

-pus, abscess -ear -mammary -urogenital

Question 33

what does S. aureus generally cause

Answer 33

-abscess -dermatitis -mastitis -septicemia -endocarditis -meningitis -osteoarthritis -surgical lesion infection

Question 34

what does S aureus cause in cattle

Answer 34

-mastitis -teat based pustules/impetigo -gangrenous teat

Question 35

what does S aureus cause in sheep

Answer 35

-mastitis -tick pyemia of lambs -dermatitis or torn skin -periorbital dermatitis

Question 36

what does S aureus cause in goats

Answer 36

-mastitis, dermatitis, subacute or peracute mastitis

Question 37

what does S aureus cause in pigs

Answer 37

- mastitis (impetigo) -endometritis

Question 38

what does S aureus cause in horses

Answer 38

-mastitis -botryomycosis of spermatic cord after castration

Question 39

what does S aureus cause in poultry

Answer 39

-septicemia -foot/joint pyogranulomatous lesion (bumble foot) -arthritis

Question 40

what does S aureus cause in dogs and cats

Answer 40

-suppurative lesions

Question 41

what does S pesudintermedius cause in dogs and cats

Answer 41

-pyoderma -pyometra -otitis externa -pneumonia -osteoarthritis -wound -eyelid and conjunctivitis

Question 42

what does S schleiferi cause in dogs and cats

Answer 42

-otitis external -otitis media -head shaking and tilting -skin reddening -hair loss -scratching and itching -pyoderma

Question 43

what does S felis cause in cats

Answer 43

-otitis -abscess -dermatitis -cystitis -conjunctivitis

Question 44

what does S chromogenes cause in cattle

Answer 44

-subclinical mastitis

Question 45

what does S chromogenes cause in pigs

Answer 45

-exudative epidermitis

Question 46

what does S chromogenes cause in horses and cats

Answer 46

-dermatitis (rare)

Question 47

what does S hyicus cause in pigs

Answer 47

-exudative epidermatitis (greasy pig disease) in young pigs -septicemia (fatal) -septic polyarthritis -metritis -vaginitis

Question 48

what does S hyicus cause in cattle

Answer 48

-mastitis

Question 49

what does S hyicus cause in horse

Answer 49

-skin infection

Question 50

treatment of staph

Answer 50

one of the multidrug resistance species

Question 51

what has S aureus acquired resistance to

Answer 51

Methicillin vancomycin

Question 52

control and prevention

Answer 52

-improving hygiene and wellbeing -tick control of lambs -good hygiene at milking

Question 53

what causes cutaneous pus and peeling of skin in huamns

Answer 53

S aureus

Question 54

what causes cutaneout pus and peeling of skin layers in pigs

Answer 54

S hyicus

Question 55

what casues peeling skin, cutaneous pus, pus form ear/uterus in pets

Answer 55

-pyoderma -- S pseudointermedius, sometimes S aureus or S schleiferi -otitis externa in dogs -- S schleiferi -otitis externa in cats -- S felis

Question 56

what casues pus/gangrene in udder and teats

Answer 56

-mastitis -- S aureus -subclinical mastitis -- S chromogenes

Question 57

what casues pus forming bacteria in skin infested by ticks in sheep

Answer 57

-tick pyremia -- S aureus

Question 58

what causes pus and nodule forming bacteria in skin of lips/limbs, utter/scrotum, septicemia in horses

Answer 58

-S aureus

Question 59

what causes pus forming in joints of legs/foot/wings, gangrene of skin, and septicemia in poultry

Answer 59

S aureus

Question 60

what causes bumblefoot in poultry

Answer 60

S aureus