Histotoxic - Enteropathogenic Clostridia

Question 1

C chauvoei diseases

Answer 1

black leg in cow and sheep

Question 2

c chauvoei toxins

Answer 2

-a – oxygen stable hemolysis, lethal, necrotizing
-B – deoxyribosuclease
-y – hyaluronisase
-delta – oxygen labile hemolysin

Question 3

c septicum diseases

Answer 3

-malignant edema in cow, pig, sheep
-abosastitis in sheep (braxy), occasionally calves

Question 4

c septicum toxins

Answer 4

-a – lethal, hemolytic, necrotizing
-B – deoxyrobonuclease, leukocidin
-y – hyaluronidase
-delta – oxygen labile hemolysin

Question 5

c novyi type A diseases

Answer 5

-big head in young rams
-wound infections

Question 6

c novyi type A toxins

Answer 6

-alpha – cytotoxin, glucoylation of small GTPases, necrotizinf, lethat

Question 7

c perfringens type A diseases

Answer 7

-gas gangrene
-necrotizing enteritis in pigs
-necrotic enteritis and gangrenous dermatitis in chickens

Question 8

c perfringens type A toxins

Answer 8

-a – a phospholipase – hemolytic, necrotizing, lethal, lecithin digestion
-theta – perfringolysin O, a thiol activated cytolysin
-Net B – role unclear, essential virulence component in some strains causing necrotic enteritis in chickens

Question 9

c soredellii diseases

Answer 9

-myositis in cow, sheep, horse
-abomastitis in lambs

Question 10

c soredellii toxins

Answer 10

-a – lecithinase, hemolytic
-B – cytotoxin, glucosylation of small GTPase, lethal

Question 11

c novyi type B diseases

Answer 11

-infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) in sheep, occasionally cow

Question 12

c novyi type B toxins

Answer 12

-a – cytotoxin, glucosylation of small GTPases, necrotizing, lethal
-B – necrotizing, hemolytic, lethal, phospholipase C

Question 13

egg yolk agar

Answer 13

-differentiation of species based on lecithinase activity
-digestion of leithin causes opaque zone of precipitation that spreads beyond edge of colony

Question 14

c chauvoei disease characterisitics

Answer 14

-produces gas
-black leg

Question 15

which clostridium cause exogenous infections

Answer 15

-perfringens type A, novyi, chauvoei, sordellii

Question 16

malignnant edema charactersitics

Answer 16

-fibrin in pericardium
-edema in subcutaneous
-dark hemorrhagic muscle

Question 17

c novyi disease characteristics

Answer 17

-black disease
-Fasicola hepatica (liver parasite)
-gas bubble in liver, spongy apperance of liver
-“aero chocolate” apperance

Question 18

c haemolyticum disease characterisitcs

Answer 18

-bacillary hemoglobinuria
-yellow or pale color of gums and eye sclera (jaundice, icteric)
-dark purple-red urine (hemoglobinuria), dark colored feces

Question 19

clostridium lab diagnostics

Answer 19

-immunofluorescence of infected tissue smears
-isolation on media rich in cysteine and water soluble vitamins
-PCR

Question 20

treatment and control of clostridium

Answer 20

-often disappointing
-IV penicillin
-vaccination of cattle at 3-6 months
-vaccination of pregnant ewes 3 weeks prior to parturition
-vaccination of lambs in first year

Question 21

enteropathogenic, enterotoxemia producing clostridia

Answer 21

-c perfringens type A, B, C, D, E
-present and replicate in GI tract

Question 22

predisposing factors of c perfringens insheep

Answer 22

-low proteolytic activity in neonatal intestine
-incomplete establishment of normal intestinal flora in neonates
-dietary influences in older animals – change in diet, energy rich diet

Question 23

c perfringens type A toxins and diseases

Answer 23

-membrane active toxins and connective tissue toxins
-yellow lamb disease
-gastritis and hemolytic disease in ruminants
-hemorrhagic enteritis in cow, horse, infant alpaca
-necrotic enteritis in poultry
-canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
-food poisoning in humans
-antibiotic associated diarrhea

Question 24

c perfringens type B characterisitics

Answer 24

-old world diseases
-lamb dysentry in newborns (absence of microbial competition in intestines, low proteolytic activity)
-beta toxin – hemorrhagic enteritis
-depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea
-mortality approaching 100%

Question 25

c perfringens type C characteristics

Answer 25

-neonates -- absence of normal intestinal flora, hemorrhagic enteritis -beta toxin principle virulence factor -depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea -mortality ~100% "Struck" in older sheep -- fatal toxemia-bacteriemia

Question 26

c perfringens type D characteristics

Answer 26

-enterotoxins in older lambs -- overeating disease, pulp kidney disease -upset in gut flora -- change to rich diet, energy rich diet, intestinal hypomotility -epsilon toxin -- increased intestinal permability, vascular damage, fluid loss, edema -pulp kidney -- acute death, few symptoms, few lab findings (glycosuria) -encephalomalacia

Question 27

lab diagnosis of c perfringens type D

Answer 27

-non motile, polysaccharide capsule, spores rarely in exudate -blood agar -- non proteolytic, not associated with odor, grey-yellow, translucent -blood agar with transmitted light -- double zone of hemolysis -- inner clear zone, hazy outer zone

Question 28

diagnosis of c perfringens

Answer 28

-alpha toxin associated hemolytic activity -positive CAMP test with S agalactiae -geimsa, gram stains reveal gram positive rods -PCR -ELISA -stormy formation -- clotting of milk followed by gaseous disruption

Question 29

treatment and control of c perfringens

Answer 29

-too acute for successful treatmetn -antitoxin (for correct type) -- pretection for 2-3 weeks -bacterin-toxoid combination injections prior to parturition -prevent overeating

Question 30

clostridium difficile characteristics

Answer 30

-gram positive -motile -encapsulated -spore forming -anaerobic -rod -significant cause of diarrheal disease in humans -associated with antibiotic resistance or animals treated with antibiotics

Question 31

c difficile diseases in humans

Answer 31

-antibiotic associated diarrhea -pseudomembranous colitis -toxic megacolon -septicemia -myonecrosis

Question 32

c difficile in lab animals

Answer 32

-typhlitis in hamsters -antibiotic associated diarrhea in mice, rabbits, guinea pigs

Question 33

c difficile in horses

Answer 33

-hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal foals -nosocomial diarrhea and typhlitis in adult horses -equine colitis

Question 34

c difficile in dogs

Answer 34

- chronic diarrhea

Question 35

c difficile in ratities

Answer 35

-enterotoxemia in ostrriches

Question 36

c difficile in pigs

Answer 36

-neonatal necrotizing colitis

Question 37

c difficile toxin A

Answer 37

-enterotoxin -breakdown cytoskeleton components -disruption of tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells -- cell death -stimulate influx of polymorphonuclear cells -- prostaglandin synthesis, secretion of chloride ions and water (diarrhea)

Question 38

pathogenesis of c difficile

Answer 38

-trigger event -- antibiotics, chemotherapy, etc -adherence to large intestine and toxin production -intense inflammatory response -- fluid and electrolyte secretion, diarrhea (with or without blood)

Question 39

which antitoxin is protective for humans

Answer 39

-bovine antitoxin

Question 40

lab diagnosis of c difficile

Answer 40

-PCR, immunological based tests from feces -cycloserine, cefoxitin, fructose agar (CCFA)

Question 41

treatment of c difficiles

Answer 41

-metronidazole (resistance, alternative is vancomycin) -no vaccines available

Question 42

control of c difficile

Answer 42

-hand washing -disinfectants not effective against the spore

Question 43

c piliforme

Answer 43

-acute fatal diarrhea, Tyzzer's diseases -high mortality events

Question 44

c sordellii

Answer 44

-fatal myositis -hepatic diseases -most common out of c piliforme, c sordellii, c colinum, c sporiforme

Question 45

c colinum

Answer 45

-quail disease -ulcerative enteritis -necrotizing hepatitis -affects fowl

Question 46

c sproiforme

Answer 46

-juvenile enteritis (mucoid enteritis) in rabbits -antibiotic induced enteritis in rabbits