Genital Pathology Non-Pregnant Female Flashcards
1
Q
5 main objectives
A
- ascending generally in both
2
Q
A
- Haemotogenous is much more important in pregnant animals!
- From ovary and transneural are quite rare
3
Q
Defense Mechanisms
(Innate and Adaptive Immunity)
A
- uterus needs to be clean and sterile for foetal growth
- but also needs to allow sperm and other foreign things in
- needs immunity that keeps it alive but also allows the foreign body foetus to survive (dampened immunity)
- normal cleansing process that is influenced to go downwards with gravity
4
Q
Influence of Hormones on Immunity
A
- refers only to immunity of the genital tract
- better disease resistance under theinfluence of oestrogen
- uterus more susceptible … –> (in bitch most of all)
- If there isnt PGF2a to rid of the CL then you will have continued production of progesterone and mre susceptibility to infection
5
Q
Outline of Main Disorders of the Female Genital Tract
A
6
Q
Levels at which sex can be defined
(4)
A
- a lot of things can go wrong during sexual development
7
Q
A
B. Male Pseudohermaphrodite
- there are testis and a uterus/vagina with it
- based on the gonadal sex
- if there is testis present—> male
- goats and american cocker spaniels
- look up pseudohermaphrodite
8
Q
A
C. True Hermaphrodite
- there is an ovary on the left
- unclear what is on the rght
- histo shows mixed tissue (ovotestis)–> makes this a true hermaphrodite
9
Q
A
- very common in twin pregnancies of twin calves
- male animal supressing the female development
10
Q
A
B. Right
- acquired cysts on the right
- developmental on the left
11
Q
Ovary
(non-infectious disease of the ovary)
A
- paraovarian: not in the ovary, but in the tissue surrounding the ovary
- intraovarian: within the ovary
- developmental: does not affect the hormonal aspects in the ovary, only cause problems if they get too large and impair structures (see in gilts and pigs and such)
- acquired: luteal cysts, follicular, etc. –> usually affecting the hormonal function of the ovary and may end up in sterility
- usually affect hormonal function of the ovary which become clinically significant and affect fertility
12
Q
A
- if LH surge isnt there you wont get ovulation
- -cysts develop
13
Q
Follicular cysts/Cystic Ovarian Follicles
A
- common in cows, and sows as such
- If it is there for more than 10 days can be considered a follicular cyst
- lack of ovulation usually due to something in the hypothalamus not producing the peak or ovarian causes
- echo
- will usually show no signs of ovulation or more rare (nymphomania) - constant oestrus
14
Q
Anovulatory luteinised cyst
(Luteal Cyst)
A
- 60 % in cattle will be follicular, and other 30% will generally be luteal
- may be a bit of progesterone production with it
- clinically significant
15
Q
Cystic CL
A
- when ovulation has taken place!
- don’t confuse with luteal cysts
- these are completely incidental, do not affect fertility
16
Q
Oophoritis
A
- usually associated with infection of uterus or systemic disease
17
Q
Ovarian Neoplasms
A
- think about what type of cells are there and which can become neoplastic
18
Q
Germ Cell Neoplasms
(2)
A
- difference between them is one is form primitive germ cells while the other from totipotent
- these are theones with hairs in it, etc. (echo)
19
Q
Sex cord-stromal tumours
A
- These can produce steroids, androgens, estrogens
- echo for arrow
- tend to affect older animal but can affect the young ones too!
20
Q
A
C. Metastasis by contact of surface
21
Q
Epithelial Neoplasms
A
- Transcoelmic spread can seed itself by touch into the peritoneal cavity for example
- carcinomas generally
- should be considered as a differential for ascites in an older bitch!
- why does it end up in fluid accumlation? - due to blocking the lymphatics, cant drain, just start draining into it
22
Q
A
- gets blocked
- usually a congenital factor including an ascending infection
- gilts?
- echo
23
Q
Non-infectious disease
(uterus)
A
- almost all of them are medical emergencies!
- there is a cut off of blood supply
- animal will die without repair
24
Q
A
D) Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia
-quite a few cysts indicating something cystic is happening
echo
25
Q
A
- mainly affects bitches and queens to a lesser degree
- long progesterone phase making the uterus more prone to infections as immunity is worse (like in pregnancy)
- get secretions in there and mucometria
- gets worse as they get older, secondary infection–> they would love the warm, moist enviroment
- env’t more forthcoming for the bacteria
26
Q
Pyometra
(Bitch)
A
- pus is how we identify the pyometra
- has to be during that progesterone phase for infection ot take place
- very common in older nulliparous bitches
- is the cervix closed or partially open? - open is less severe, but closed is a huge emergency (pus has nowhere to escape, toxemia)
27
Q
A
echo
28
Q
Pyometra
(in cow)
A
- CL persists and therefore high progesterone levels persist
- our treatments should aim to get the cow cycling again
- If you do a rectal, it can sometimes feel like a pregnancy
29
Q
Pyometra
(in Mare)
A
- don’t fully understand sometimes why they develop it
- they continue cycling unlike the cow so hormones are less of a concern
- but the formation of their perineal can be an issue where you could constantly have remnants in there causing chronic infection
- tends to be more common in older mares
30
Q
Inflammatory Diseases of the Uterus
(3)
A
31
Q
A
A. and D.
-not E. –> it is actually a prequel
32
Q
Endometritis
A
- if it is 3 weeks after calving, they will speak of endometritis regardless of what is affected (just be aware)
- most of them will have it post-partum and it will clean it, but some can become chronic and fibrous
- won’t rid of CL and then you get chronic endometritis
- they are very frustrating to treat in cows and mares!
33
Q
Metritis
A
- can affect seros and get into the blood stream leading to septicemia, toxaemias
- friable uterus
- hemorrhages
34
Q
Leiomyoma
(smooth muscle)
A
- most commonly in the bitch
- not only affects uterus, but cervix and vagina
- multiple nodules, not just one usually
- need to do an ovariohystorectomy and then usually smaller ones will vanish by themselves
- most of them are benign
35
Q
Neoplasia
(Carcinoma and Lymphosarcoma)
A
- carcinoma is the most common spontaneous one in rabbits
- neoplasm in an adult cow is always notifiable- as it could be EBL and needs to be investigated further (it is quite widespread in the US, but free of it in the UK)
- Uterus is one of the target organs for EBL
36
Q
Non-Inflammatory Diseases
(vulva & vagina)
A
- sweilling for vulva/vaginal region
- microtoxin that is frequently observed in the (endogenous/exogenous estrogen)
- echo
37
Q
Inflammatory Diseases
(Vulva & Vagina)
A
- Dourine- more widespread in S. America
38
Q
A
- echo
- usually self-limiting and will vansih over time
- can cause infertility in heifers
- IBR - respiratory disease (usually where is comes from, animals breathing onto the vagina)
39
Q
Neoplasms
(Vulva & Vagina)
A
40
Q
Transmissible Venereal Tumour
A
- neoplastic cells are being transfered to the other animal and can be established as neoplastic there
- much more in southern europe and african countries
41
Q
A
- problem really is the size
- pic: this would cause issues with urination
- it will generally vanish as long as it doesnt cause issues with renal and other systems
42
Q
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A
- tail docked animals- -> if their vaginas are exposed to too much UV sunlight
43
Q
4 Key messages to take home
A
