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Reproduction > Genital symptoms and Intro to STIs > Flashcards

Genital symptoms and Intro to STIs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main categories for genital symptoms causes?

A

STI
Other microbial problem
Non-microbial

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2
Q

How does vulvovaginal candidosis usually present?

A

Itch

Thick, cottage cheese like, discharge

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3
Q

What usually causes vulvovaginal candidosis?

A

Candida albicans mostly

Sometimes c. glabrata

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4
Q

Name some conditions which may predispose someone to vulvovaginal candidosis?

A

Diabetes
Immunosuppression
Pregnancy
Oral steroids

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5
Q

Along with history and symptoms, what are some tests which can help diagnose vulvovaginal candidosis?

A

Vaginal pH
Gram stain
Culture (

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6
Q

How can candida albicans be identified on gram stain?

A

Egg like blastospores

They grow true hyphe (long strands of mycelium)

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7
Q

How is candida treated?

A 
Doesn't need treatment if mild
Azole antifungals (Clotrimazole, fluconazole)
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8
Q

What is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge?

A

Bacterial Vaginosis

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9
Q

What are some common symptoms of bacterial vaginosis?

A

Watery grey/yellow fishy discharge
May be worse after sex
May be itchy/sore from dampness

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10
Q

How is BV thought to be caused by?

A

Lack of lactobacilli
Reduction in hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid
Raised pH
Overgrowth in bacteria

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11
Q

How is BV diagnosed?

A

History
Thin homogenous discharge
pH
Gram stained discharge smear

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12
Q

How is BV treated?

A

Metronidazole (oral, vaginal gel)
Clindamycin (vaginal)
Probiotics
Vaginal acidification

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13
Q

What is balanitis?

A

Inflammation of the head of the penis

Dry blotchy spots

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14
Q

What are some useful questions to use if examination and tests are inconclusive?

A

Regretted sexual encounter?
Problems in life? (Family, friends, media story etc.)
Co-existing mental health problem

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15
Q

List some factors in the management of non-microbial problems which are good to keep in mind.

A

Acknowledge the patient’s perception, never deny
Reassure where logic and findings allow
Discuss limits of medical approach
Allow conditions to be covered and ruled out, like cancer or HIV

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16
Q

What are fox-fordyce spots?

A

Sebaceous glands under the skin on the penis
Can be mistaken for disease/infection
Completely normal

17
Q

What is vulval papillomatosis?

A

Soft frond like projections sometimes mistaken for warts
Benign
Normal

18
Q

What are coronal papillae?

A

Small bumps around the corona

Normal feature

19
Q

What are Tyson’s glands?

A

Small vestigial glands either side of the frenulum

Normal

20
Q

What is vulvodynia?

A

Persistent burning or aching

Possibly caused by pelvic pain syndrome

21
Q

What are some non-microbial causes of genital symptoms?

A

Cancer
Trauma
Perceived pain or discomfort due to social or psych factors

22
Q

What is a commensal micro-organism?

A

One that derives food or other benefits from another organism without hurting or helping it

23
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A micro-organism that can cause disease

24
Q

What is an STI?

A

A pathogen spreads through sex, with risk of causing harm, and is unlikely to be spread by non-sexual means

25
Q

What is an STD?

A

A disorder of structure or function caused by an STI

26
Q

Which pathogen causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

27
Q

Which pathogen causes gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea

28
Q

What is an implication of asymptomatic STI?

A

Can’t eradicate by just treating symptoms

29
Q

Name some STI’s which can be transmitted just by skin contact?

A

Pubic lice
Scabies
Warts
Herpes

30
Q

How may non-genital discharge present?

A

Gonorrhoea can cause eye discharge

31
Q

Can STI’s cause infertility?

A

Yes

Chlamydia

32
Q

Can STI’s cause cancer?

A

Yes
HPV
Cervical cancer

33
Q

What is a major factor in HIV survival?

A

More resource rich places have higher survival rates

34
Q

How do you calculate the reproductive number(R0)?

A

Likelihood of transmission(Beta) x Rate of acquiring new partners(c) x Duration of infectivity(D)

35
Q

What does R0 mean?

A 
>1 = infection sustained
<1 = infection reduces
36
Q

What is the best way to reduce transmissibility?

A

Vaccinate before exposure

37
Q

What are some factors to consider in long term risk?

A 
Time and nature of sexual contact
Male or female?
Nature of sex act
Condom use
Other contraceptive use
Nationality of contact
Injected drugs
Paid sex
38
Q

What are 2 kinds of contact tracing?

A 
Patient tells contacts to get checked (client referral)
Provider referral (NHS tells contacts)
39
Q

What are some factors in health promotion in sexual health?

A 
Condom use
Oral sex risks
Hazardous drug use
Vaccination
HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis

Reproduction (25 decks)

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