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summer exam > geography > Flashcards

geography Flashcards

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1
Q

three types of volcano

A

active, dormant, extinct

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2
Q

3 layers of the earth

A

crust, mantle, core

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3
Q

what is the crust made up of

A

solid rock

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4
Q

what is the mantle made up of

A

magma

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5
Q

what is the core made up of and how hot can it get

A

the core is made up of iron and nickel and is it 6000 degrees celcius

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6
Q

where are the plates located

A

on the mantle

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7
Q

who first said the term ‘Pangaea’ to describe the earth?

A

alfred wegener

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8
Q

what is pangaea

A

meaning all land, used to describe the earth before it split apart into different countries.

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9
Q

what happens when plates collide

A

plates that collide with eachother have destructive (or convergent) boundaries - called subduction - crust is destroyed

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10
Q

what happens when plates seperate

A

plates that seperate have constructive boundaries - called sea-floor spreading - crust is created

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11
Q

what happens when plates slide past eachother

A

passive boundaries - cause earthquakes

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12
Q

three types of rock

A

sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous

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13
Q

positive effects of volcano

A

soil rich in minerals, tourism, geothermal energy

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14
Q

negative effects of volcano

A

sulfur dioxide, loss of human life, volcanic material mixing with water creates mud called lafar (extremely deadly)

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15
Q

what is the focus

A

the point beneath the surface where the earthquake happens

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16
Q

what is the epicentre

A

the point above the focus - greatest damage occurs here, strongest tremors etc

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17
Q

how to measure an earthquake?

A

richter scale, ranges 1/10 each in 10x stronger than last,
or seismographs

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18
Q

how do fold mountains form

A

when two plates collide

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19
Q

how are igneous rocks formed

A

cooled magma

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19
Q

how are sedimentary rocks formed

A

particles of other rocks, dead plants and animals compressed over time

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20
Q

how are metamorphic rocks formed

A

when igneous or sedimentary rocks are changed under great pressure and heat

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21
Q

what is the pacific ring of fire, and where it it located?

A

The Ring of Fire is a string of volcanoes and sites of seismic activity, or earthquakes, around the edges of the Pacific Ocean.

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22
Q

5 different parts of a volcano

A

magma chamber, vent, crater, ash cloud, volcanic cone

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23
Q

how do earthquakes occur?

A

when plates collide or slide past eachother

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24
short term response in event of an earthquake
evacuation,
25
long term response in event of an earthquake
repair
26
one example of an igneous rock
basalt
27
e.g of sedimentary rock
limestone
28
e.g of metapmorphic rock
marble
29
where does marble come from
when limestone is put under great heat and pressure
30
where can you locate basalt
the giants causeway,
31
where can you locate limestone
the burren
32
where can you locate marble
connemara co. galway
33
where is the burren
co. clare
34
what is quarrying
the process of using large machinery to cut large chunks out of the earths crust to extract rock
35
positive impact of quarrying
employment, raw materials, economic activity
36
negative effect of quarrying
eyesore, pollution, decrease in property value around, traffic pollution
37
what are the three types of economic activity
primary, secondary, tertiaryw
38
what is primary economic activity
people working directly with the earths materials e.g farmer
39
what is secondary economic activity
people who manufacture something e.g baker
40
what is tertiary economic activity
providing a service e.g solicitor
41
renewable resource
resources that can be used repeatedly without running out e.g water
42
non renewable resource
resources that will run out e.g oil
43
four stages of water cycle
Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Run off
44
what is irrigation
the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels.
45
what does permeable mean
water can pass through it
46
what does soluble mean
dissolves in water
47
2 types of weathering
freeze thaw and carbonation
48
features in the burren (underground)
swallow holes stalactites and stalagmites and pillars
49
features in the burren (surface)
karst landscape/limestone pavement clints and grikes
50
is carbonation chemical or mechanical weathering
chemical
51
carbonation method 1-4
chemical weathering is when rocks are dissolved because of a chemical reaction. 1. rainwater mixes with carbon dioxide to form a weak carbonic acid. 2. this weak carbonic acid has a huge effect on limestone rock. this is because limestone contains 80% CALCIUM CARBONATE. 3. the weak carbonic acid reacts with the calcium carbonate in the limestone and dissolves it. 4. LImestone is a permeable rock, rainwater can pass right through it.
52
freeze thaw method 1-3
Freeze thaw action occurs high up in mountainous areas where there is a lot of precipitation (rain, sleet, snow.) temperatures fluctuate. 1. during the day, water seeps into cracks in the rock. 2. at night, temperatures fall below freezing point. the water in the cracks freeze and expand by 9 percent putting pressure on the rock. 3. this process is continued over time, widening the cracks and joints in the rock. causing it to weaken, and eventually pieces break off. the broken rock is known as SCREE.
53
causes of mass movement
(human activity, gradient, water, lack of vegetation, animals
54
types of mass movement
soil creep, bogburst, mudflow, landslide, avalanche
55
Effects of mass movement
damage to local area or farmland loss of life harmful to the economy (e.g loss of jobs) rare species could be killed/washed away
56
natural resources
things that have been created by nature e.g coal, rock, trees, soil, water, gas, turf, oil
57
fishing
primary economic activity
58
what is overfishing
over exploitation of fish (too many fish being caught, not able to reproduce.) fish stocks are depleted.
59
why does overfishing happen (3)
modern tech e.g sonar + rader, supertrawlers and factory ships membership of the eec/eu mesh net sizes
60
how do we combat overfishing
quotas, Irish conservation box
61
farming is a primary activity, what is an input?
what goes in e.g slurry, haybales, labour, cattles, chickens etc
62
what is a process
milking, harvesting, planting, fertilising etc
63
what is an output
milk, wheat, barley, eggs etc
64
different types of farming
arable, dairy, horticulture, pastoral, livestock
65
forestry in ireland, 3 facts
employs over 12,000 people natural vegetation of Ireland is deciduous forest deciduous tress lose their leaves in winter
66
what are deciduous trees? Examples.
grows well in fertile soil, wouldnt survive in harsh unsheltered conditons, native to ireland. natural vegetation.
67
what are coniferous trees?
grows quickly, grows well in poor soil, grows well in thin soil, profit, introduced by the english in the 17th century.
68
contour lines
lines that join areas of equal height. when they are closely packed together on a map it means it is a steep slop
69
spot height
70
triangulation pillar
71
summit height

summer exam (16 decks)

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