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science Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a cell?

A

the cell is the smallest working unit of a living thing (organism)

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2
Q

independent variable

A

being changed

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3
Q

dependent variable

A

being measured

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4
Q

fixed/control variable

A

staying the same

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5
Q

hypothesis

A

prediction

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6
Q

name of the man who first said the word cell

A

robert hooke in 1665

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7
Q

what does unicellular mean

A

made of just one cell, for example, bacteria.​

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8
Q

multicellular

A

made of many cells, for example, humans.​

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9
Q

levels of organization

A

cells - tissues - organ - organelle - organ system - organism

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10
Q

what is tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells that work together to carry out a similar function. e.g Blood is a tissue which consists of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets) that work together to transport oxygen and other substances around the body.

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11
Q

organ

A

An organ is a group of tissues that work together to carry out a similar function​

​

Example: The Heart, Liver, Kidneys, etc.​

​

An organ does not have to consist of only one type of tissue​

Example – the heart consists of blood tissue, nerve tissue, muscle tissue.

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12
Q

organ system

A

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out a similar function.

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13
Q

organism

A

An organism is a group of organ systems that work together to carry out a similar function.

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14
Q

what does an animal cell consist of?

A

ribosome, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria

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15
Q

what is membrane?

A

Structure:​
Outer cell covering​
Made up mainly of fat

Function:​
Keeps the contents of the cell in place​
Acts as a form of protection​
Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly like substance, composed of 80% water, salts, glucose

cell organelles float within this substance + cell activities occur here

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17
Q

membrane-bound organelles

A

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

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18
Q

contents of a nucleus

A

genetic material, chromosomes made up of genes, genes made up of dna

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19
Q

function of the nucleus

A

acts as the brain of the cell, in charge of all cell activities, cell manager,

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20
Q

mitochondrion (mitochondria)

A

The place where energy is released from nutrients by respiration.

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21
Q

ribosomes

A

Their function is to produce proteins such as the hormone insulin, the enzyme amylase, and collagen for the skin.

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22
Q

small vacuole

A

Used for temporary storage of food and waste

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23
Q

plant cell

A

cytoplasm

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24
Q

cellulose cell wall

A

only in plant cells + supports, shapes and strengthens the cell

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25
chloroplast
where photosynthesis occurs
26
photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the way in which green plants make their own food using light.
27
large vacuole
Stores water, sugar and waste.​ Also helps to give structure to the cell.
28
characteristics of life
reproduction, movement, respiration, response, nutrition, growth and excretion
29
the keywords of a microscope (study image on slide 45)
Microscope ​ Eyepiece lens​ Nosepiece​ Objective lenses​ Stage​ Lamp​ Coarse focus​ Fine Focus
30
what does the eyepiece do
magnifies the sample x10
31
objective lens
above the stage, has 3 lenses that magnify the sample by 4, 10 or 40
32
stage
where you hold your sample
33
coarse focus knob
to focus sample you are looking t
34
fine focus knob
further sharpens image and for delicate focusing at high power
35
light
supplies light to the object
36
diaphragm
controls the amount of light
37
why do we need food?
energy, growth, repair, to prevent deficiency disease
38
main types of nutrients in food
protein, carbohydrates, fat ,vitamins, minerals, water
39
sources of protein
lean meat, fish eggs, poultry, beans, lentils.
40
function of protein in body
growth, repair of tissue
41
types of carbohydrates
starch, sugar, fibre
42
function of carbohydrates in body
starch = energy sugar = energy fibre = causes peristalsis in the digestive system, prevents constipation
43
fat
you can get it from vegetable oils function = cell membranes
44
vitamins
vitamin C + D
45
vitamin c
citrus fruits, kiwi, blackcurrants
46
vitamin d
sunlight, dairy foods, supplements
47
vitamin c + d function in body
vitamin c - making new cells vitamin d - healthy bones, wellbeing
48
vitamin c + d deficiency disease
c - scurvy d = rickets
49
minerals
calcium , iron
50
sources of iron and calcium
calcium : dairy foods, tinned fish iron : red meat, green vegetables
51
calcium + iron function in body
calcium - strong bones and teeth iron - needed for haemoglobin
52
calcium + iron deficiency disease
iron - anaemia calcium - osteoporosis
53
water function in body
maintain body at 37 degrees
54
digest =
break down food
55
components of the digestive system (see slide 10)
mouth and mouth cavity, pharnyx, oesophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus
56
function of salivary glands
produces amylase, amylase is an enzyme that helps break down starch
57
function of liver
produces bile to aid digestion of fat
58
gallbladder function
stores bile until small intestine needs it
59
function pancreas
make enzymes to digest food
60
small intestine function
digests food and absorbs it into blood
61
five steps of getting nutrients
ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion
62
meanings of the five steps of getting nutrients
Ingestion: eating​ Digestion: breaking down food​ Absorption: food passing into blood​ Assimilation: food being used by the cells​ Egestion: passing out unabsorbed food (faeces)​
63
types of digestion
chemical, mechanical
64
teeth and their functions
Incisors (4)​ Cut and slice food.​ Canines (2)​ Grip and tear food.​ Premolar (4)​ Chew and grind food.​ Molars (6)​ Chew and grind food.​
65
peristalsis
used to push food along system only occurs in muscles of digestive system
66
enzymes
A protein that alters the speed of a chemical reaction in an organism
67
amylase
enzyme that breaks down starch into a sugar called maltose
68
amylase - ? - ?
AMYLASE - STARCH - MALTOSE
69
maltase - ? - ?
MALTASE - MALTOSE - GLUCOSE

summer exam (16 decks)

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