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GCSEs > Geography (paper 2) > Flashcards

Geography (paper 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Informal housing definition

A

When someone has built their house themselves usually on land they do not own.

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2
Q

Sanitation definition

A

Hygiene

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3
Q

Development definition

A

Improving the standard of living or quality of life

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4
Q

HDI (Human Development Index) definition

A

Score from 0-1 that incorporates life expectancy, average no. of year spent in school and GDP per capita

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5
Q

GNI per capita definition

A

The average income of a person in a country

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6
Q

unfair trade rules definition

A

when countries don’t get a fair deal for the products they import and export

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7
Q

debt interest definition

A

when countries are given a loan but have to pay back more than they borrowed

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8
Q

sweatshop definition

A

factory with poor working conditions

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9
Q

Features of bottom up development

A

Small scale, community level and the bottom benefit most

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10
Q

Features of top down development

A

Large scale, provisions from trans national companies and governments, benefits filter through from top to lower sectors

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11
Q

Demographic definition

A

People and population

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12
Q

Landlocked definition

A

A country with no coastline and is surrounded by other countries

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13
Q

Relief definition

A

Height and shape of land

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14
Q

Industrialisation meaning

A

When a country moves from a primary to secondary industry

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15
Q

Intermediate technology definition

A

Cheap, sustainable technology that is appropriate to the needs of the community

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16
Q

Economic investment definition

A

When TNCs set up factories in LICs to manufacture goods at low cost (also providing infrastructure)

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17
Q

Fair trade

A

when producers in LICs are paid a fair amount for what they grow/produce

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18
Q

Standard of living definition

A

How much income someone has to afford necessities

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19
Q

Positive multiplier effect

A

One positive change leads to another causing a positive chain reaction on quality of life

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20
Q

Nigeria population

A

196 million

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21
Q

Nigeria’s GDP

A

$397 billion

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22
Q

Benefits of industrialisation

A

more employment opportunities therefore more tax gets paid. •wider range of products produced. •reduced need for imports. •economy is diversified •foreign investment

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23
Q

Global Importance of Nigeria

A

Ranks as the 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions, 12th largest producer of oil (2.7%), (oil reserves are sweet), 21st largest economy

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24
Q

Regional importance of Nigeria

A

Has the largest farm output in Africa, film industry of Nollywood is the second largest in world, largest population in Africa, Member of the African Union (peacekeeping group)

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25
Q

Main imports in Nigeria

A

refined petroleum from EU, rice and telephones from China.

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26
Q

Sweet oil definition

A

High quality oil that contains less than 42% sulphur

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27
Q

Nigeria’s main exports

A

Crude oil to India and China

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28
Q

Disposable income

A

Money someone has left over to spend after paying for basic needs

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29
Q

Development gap definition

A

Difference in levels of development between the richest and poorest counties

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30
Q

Strategies for reducing the development gap

A

Aid, debt relief, investment, industrial development, micro finance loans, fair trade, intermediate technology

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31
Q

How has tourism benefitted Jamaica?

A

Contributed to 24% of GDP in 2014 •$2 billion revenue •200,000 employment opportunities

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32
Q

Disadvantages of tourism in Jamaica

A

Waste accumulation •inequality still exists •development of infrastructure is delayed as airports are prioritised (some areas inaccessible) • over tourism in popular tourist sites

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33
Q

What is aid?

A

donation of money or goods to support development

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34
Q

Challenges facing development in Nigeria’s future

A

Inequality (70% in poverty) • sanitation provision • corruption • lack of education

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35
Q

Location and borders of Nigeria

A

Located just north of the equator • Borders Chad, Niger, Benin, Cameroon & Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean)

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36
Q

Examples of social and economic measures of development

A

Literacy rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, birth rate, HDI

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37
Q

What is the Demographic Transition Model?

A

Graph that shows changes in birth and death rate and how the population changes

38
Q

Causes of uneven development

A

Climate, corruption, colonisation, conflict, location, natural hazards

39
Q

Consequences of uneven development

A

Migration, inequality (in wealth and health)

40
Q

Commodity definition

A

Raw material

41
Q

Why does relying on commodity exports hinder development

A

They are of lower value than processed goods and their prices fluctuate inflicting instability

42
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the DTM?

A

Birth rate remains high but the death rate rapidly decreases due to improvements in healthcare

43
Q

Advantages of Shell in Nigeria

A

Directly employs 65 000 Nigerians • Shell makes large contributions when paying tax to the government • Workers obtain more disposable income

44
Q

Disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria

A

Workers receive low wages, oil spills cause environmental damage and destroys ecosystems (fish), money leakages occur as profit goes back to HQ

45
Q

How has shell improved the quality of life in southern Nigeria?

A

• Built schools to improve literacy rate • Invested in training young people with new skills like welding • Built healthcare centres for mothers in Nigeria

46
Q

Malaria meaning

A

A disease spread by mosquitoes

47
Q

Why is Nets for All a successful form of aid?

A

• Households are being educated on how to use bed nets • It’s a cheap solution (Intermediate technology)

48
Q

How does Nets for All improve the quality of life in Nigeria?

A

• 2 bed nets are provided for every household in Kano and other areas • contains insecticide to kill mosquitos

49
Q

Multi lateral aid definition

A

Aid that comes from multiple sources

50
Q

Post industrial economy definition

A

When tertiary and quaternary sectors dominate the economy

51
Q

De industrialisation meaning

A

The closure of factories and the decline of the secondary industry

52
Q

Globalisation meaning

A

When countries are increasingly becoming interconnected

53
Q

Rural urban fringe

A

An area of land at the edge of a town/city where it meets the countryside

54
Q

How does globalisation contribute to de industrialisation?

A

As technology develops, communication is easier to carry out therefore we are able to outsource and pay less resulting in unemployment

55
Q

Quaternary sector

A

Research and development

56
Q

Why is the quaternary sector growing?

A

People are receiving higher levels of education and technology is developing

57
Q

Benefits of the quaternary sector

A

Research sector employs over 60,000 highly qualified people • estimated to contribute over £3 billion to economy • research companies pay tax increasing the GDP

58
Q

Science park

A

A group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on a single site

59
Q

Business park

A

Area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses

60
Q

Transnational company

A

Large corporation that operates in multiple countries

61
Q

What makes the location of cobalt business park ideal?

A

• built on cheaper land as it’s located on a rural urban fringe
• more space available for extension
• better access through the A1 motorway and less congestion
• businesses benefit by cooperating
• close proximity to Newcastle University where graduates are highly educated

62
Q

Why was cobalt business park built in Newcastle?

A

The north east of England suffered from an economic decline due to deindustrialisation

63
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

Children who die under the age of 1 per 1000 births per year

64
Q

North-South divide

A

Difference in standard of living between North and South of Uk

65
Q

Counter urbanisation

A

When people who live in urban areas migrate to the countryside for a better quality of life

66
Q

How has the Uk economy changed overtime?

A

55% of the economy was dominated by the secondary sector in 1900 • 3/4 was dominated by tertiary in 2006 with the quaternary starting to form (9%)

67
Q

Factors causing the UK’s economy change

A

deindustrialisation, technology advancements, globalisation

68
Q

Negative environmental impacts of manufacturing in the Uk

A

Inefficient waste disposal where batteries from scrap cars leak and contaminate underground water sources • urban sprawls happen • fossil fuel consumption; greenhouse gases are produced

69
Q

Location of Nissan’s car manufacturing plant

A

Sunderland

70
Q

How has Nissan reduced its negative impacts on environment?

A

• Manufactured electric cars eg Nissan Leaf • 25% of materials used in the Nissan Leaf were recycled materials

71
Q

Benefits of Nissan’s environmentally friendly car manufacturing

A

• Decreased its Co2 emissions (by 31% 1999-2013) • Less waste to landfill per car (decreased by 91% from 1999-2013)

72
Q

Solutions to the north-south divide

A

Northern Powerhouse strategy (increasing investment in tourism and businesses in the North) • foreign investment (TNCs eg Nissan) • HS2 railway (high speed rail link connecting London with North) • Improvements to airports in North (Manchester)

73
Q

Evidence to support how the north-south divide exists

A

Household income and life expectancy is higher in the south

74
Q

How is the UK connected to the wider world?

A

Trade, Culture, Technology, The EU, Transport and, The Commonwealth

75
Q

How does technology connect the Uk with the wider world?

A

Arctic Fiber Project plans to connect London with Tokyo with high speed internet cables

76
Q

How does the commonwealth connect the Uk with the wider world

A

Improves trading and cultural links between Uk and Commonwealth countries • helps governments achieve sustainable development • sporting connections

77
Q

How does the EU connect the UK to the wider world?

A

Uk has good relationships with EU due to its previous membership • EU countries are close to Uk so trading costs are cheaper • European funds supported development in Uk

78
Q

The Commonwealth meaning

A

Group of 53 countries that once were British colonies

79
Q

The EU (European Union) meaning

A

Trading group of European industrial countries

80
Q

Tariff meaning

A

A tax a country pays when trading goods

81
Q

Positive social and economic effects of population growth in South Cambridgeshire

A

Social: Wider diversity of cultures

Economic: Commuters would be able to spend on local economy and increase job opportunities

82
Q

Negative social and economic Impacts of population growth in South Cambridgeshire

A

Social: congestion occurs more often

Economic: Lack of affordable housing, petrol prices increase, reduction in agricultural employment

83
Q

Positive impacts of population decline in Outer Hebrides

A

Cleaner air as less cars would cause less congestion, nature is preserved as there’s less demand for it

84
Q

Negative impacts of population decline in Outer Hebrides

A

Social: Fewer young people to support the ageing population

Economic: employment rate decreases, schools close down

85
Q

Cause of population change in Outer Hebrides

A

Limited employment opportunities mean that younger people economically migrate

86
Q

Cause of populating change in South Cambridgeshire

A

Population expected to increase by 32000 people by 2031 due to migration

87
Q

What rural area is having an increase in population?

A

South Cambridgeshire

88
Q

What rural area is having a decline in the population?

A

Outer Hebrides

89
Q

micro finance loans meaning

A

When small loans are given to people in LICs to start their own businesses

90
Q

Literacy rate definition

A

Percentage of population over the age of 15 who can read or write

GCSEs (16 decks)

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