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Y6 Summer exams > Geography - Rocks and Fossils > Flashcards

Geography - Rocks and Fossils Flashcards

1
Q

What are all rocks made up of?

A

Minerals

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2
Q

What are the three different families of rocks?

A

Sedimentary
Igneous
Metamorphic

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3
Q

Where do geodes form?

A

Inside magma

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4
Q

What do we call two types of molten rock?

A

Lava (above surface)
Magma (below surface)

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5
Q

What does water leave behind when it evaporates?

A

Minerals

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6
Q

Why do some geodes have different colour crystals?

A

Different types of minerals changes the colour

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7
Q

What causes there to be a “gap” in the molten rock?

A

When gas gets trapped in the rock it leaves pockets.

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8
Q

How many rocks can you name?

A

Granite
Obsidian
Limestone
Slate
Sandstone
Quartz
Marble
Flint
Chalk
Mudstone
Gneiss
Shale

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9
Q

What are rocks made up of?

A

A mixture of minerals and non-living creatures

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10
Q

Igneous rocks are formed in two ways, resulting in two types of igneous rock. What are they?

A

Intrusive (inside)
Extrusive (outside)

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11
Q

Draw and label a diagram showing an intrusive igneous rock formation.

A
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12
Q

Describe how intrusive igneous rocks form.

A

Inside the Earth’s Crust.
Large crystals form
Minerals have time to bond
Formed in magma.
Cools slowly
eg Granite.

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13
Q

An example of an intrusive igneous rock is…..

A

…. granite or gabbro

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14
Q

Describe how extrusive igneous rocks form.

A

Outside the Earth’s Crust
Small crystals form
Minerals do not have time to bond
Formed in lava
Cools quickly.
eg. basalt

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15
Q

An example of an extrusive igneous rock is…..

A

…basalt, obsidian, lava bomb

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16
Q

Draw and label a diagram showing an extrusive igneous rock formation.

A
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17
Q

Describe the formation of igneous rocks.
Key marks in a mark scheme

A
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18
Q

What does weathering mean?

A

Weathering erodes rocks at the surface to create smaller rocks (sediments).
The breaking down of rock due to atmospheric conditions (wind/rain/ice/sun etc)

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19
Q

What does transportation mean?

A

Creates sediments and rocks that are being moved by moving ice or wind.

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20
Q

What does deposition mean?

A

When rocks have stopped moving into the sea, river or desert and get deposited.

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21
Q

What does strata mean?

A

The layers that form in a sedimentary rock

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22
Q

What does lithification mean?

A

The process of turning into a sedimentary rock.

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23
Q

Create a diagram showing the formation of sedimentary rocks.

A
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24
Q

What happens during cementation?

A

The moisture squeezes out and the sediments stick together to create a sedimentary rock.

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25
Q

What is compaction?

A

It is when the bottom layers are squeezed together from the weight of the layers above and become compacted.

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26
Q

What is erosion?

A

The process of rocks being broken down.

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27
Q

Key information about intrusive rocks

A

Inside the Earth’s crust
Magma
Large crystals
Minerals have time to bond
Cooled slowly
eg. Granite

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28
Q

Key information about extrusive rocks

A

Outside the Earth’s Crust
Lava
Small crystals
Minerals don’t have time to bond
Cooled quickly
eg. Basalt

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29
Q

What does the word morph mean?

A

It’s when something changes form.

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30
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

They are formed deep within the Earth where there is lots of heat from the magma below and lots of pressure from the rocks above.

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31
Q

What does the “parent rock” sandstone become when heat and pressure is applied to become a metamorphic rock?

A

Quartzite

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32
Q

What does the “parent rock” granite become when heat and pressure is applied to become a metamorphic rock?

A

Gneiss

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33
Q

What does the “parent rock” limestone become when heat and pressure is applied to become a metamorphic rock?

A

Marble

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34
Q

What does the “parent rock” shale or clay become when heat and pressure is applied to become a metamorphic rock?

A

Slate (low grade)
More pressure and heat
Phyllite
More pressure and heat
Schist
More pressure and heat
Gneiss (high grade)

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35
Q

What are metamorphic rocks?

A

They are rocks that have changed due to heat and pressure.

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36
Q

Examples of sedimentary rocks and uses

A

Limestone - making cement
Coal - fires
Chalk - writing
Sandstone - building material

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37
Q

Examples and uses of igneous rocks

A

Pumice - bath scrub
Granite - kerb stones

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38
Q

Examples of metamorphic rocks

A

Slate - roofing
Marble - making statues

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39
Q

Which rock is made up of layers that have been squashed together?

A

Sedimentary

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40
Q

Which rock is formed when lava or magma cools down and crystallises?

A

Igneous

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41
Q

Which rock is formed under intense heatand pressure causing it to change?

A

Metamorphic

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42
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

Inside or outside the Earth’s Crust. They are formed by the cooling down of magma and lava.

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43
Q

What has happened to metamorphic rocks to make them the way they are?

A

Heat and pressure

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44
Q

Name a use for sedimentary rock

A

Creates fire or writing

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45
Q

Name as use for metamorphic rocks

A

Roofs and statues

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46
Q

Name a use for igneous rocks

A

Bath scrub

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47
Q

Give an example of a sedimentary rock

A

Coal, sandstone, puddingstone

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48
Q

Give an example of a metamorphic rock

A

Slate

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49
Q

Give an example of an igneous intrusive rock

A

Granite

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50
Q

Give an example of an igneous extrusive rock

A

Basalt, pumice, lava bomb, obsidian

51
Q

What are sedimentary rocks formed from?

A

Sediments that have been compacted together.

52
Q

What do we call the process of turning into a sedimentary rock?

A

Lithification

53
Q

What name do we give the layers that form in a sedimentary rock?

A

Strata

54
Q

Name two processes that cause rocks to be broken down into smaller pieces.

A

Weathering and sedimentation

55
Q

What processes change a sedimentary rock to a metamorphic?

A

Heat and pressure

56
Q

What processes change a metamorphic rock to an igneous?

A

Melting and cooling

57
Q

What processes change an igneous rock to a sedimentary?

A

Sedimentation, compaction, weathering, erosion (lithification)

58
Q

Why do we almost only find fossils in a sedimentary rock?

A

We can’t find fossils in igneous rocks as they would have melted. We find a few in metamorphic because they’ve experienced heat and pressure.

59
Q

What is a fossil?

A

Remains of prehistoric plants and animals.

60
Q

How do we know about animals that have died millions of years ago?

A

Fossils

61
Q

What can we learn from a trace fossil?

A

How the animal lived and cared for its young.

62
Q

How is a mold fossil created?

A

Mud around a dead animal hardens and creates a mold of the shape/imprint.

63
Q

How is a resin fossil created?

A

When an insect gets stuck in the sap in the tree. The sap hardens and turns into amber which preserves the body.

64
Q

Why is a body fossil rare?

A

A dinosaur needs to die near water and its skeleton cannot be scattered around.

65
Q

How is a body fossil formed?

A

An animal dies.
Some body parts decay - usually only the skeleton is left.
The skeleton is covered in sand, earth, rock, seabed before the bones can disappear.
Minerals slowly fill the space in layers - in the exact shape of the bones.
Under lots of pressure, new minerals harden into rock.
Over a very long time, the bones break down and leave space, like an empty mould.
The earth is eroded away by the weather/sea. The fossil rock is exposed and discovered.

66
Q

Which type of igneous rock forms from cooling magma?

A

Intrusive

67
Q

Which type of igneous rock forms from cooling lava?

A

Extrusive

68
Q

Which type of igneous rock has small crystals?

A

Extrusive

69
Q

Which type of igneous rock has more time for minerals to bond?

A

Intrusive

70
Q

Draw and label the rock cycle

A
71
Q

What is the name of the process given to the constant creation and recycling of rocks on the Earth?

A

The Rock Cycle

72
Q

Where does Intrusive Igneous rock form?

A

Deep underground

73
Q

Where does Extrusive Igneous rock form?

A

On the Earth’s surface

74
Q

Describe how a resin fossil is created?

A

The tree sap traps an insect, it hardens and turns to amber, preserving the inset.

75
Q

Where do Metamorphic rocks form?

A

Deep underground

76
Q

What two conditions are needed to form a Metamorphic rock?

A

Heat and Pressure

77
Q

Igneous rocks that are known as Extrusive can also be know as what?

A

Volcanic

78
Q

What is the difference between Lava and Magma?

A

Magma is molten rock below the Earth’s surface, Lava is molten rock above the Earth’s surface

79
Q

When an Igneous rock cools we say it CRYSTALISES. What does this mean?

A

Different minerals within the rock band together as the rock cools down, these minerals form different coloured crystals on the rock. They can be large or small. We call this crystalizing.

80
Q

Why do some Igneous rocks have small crystals?

A

The cooled down quickly, usually on the Earth’s surface. This means there was little time for the minerals to bond together, As a result they are only small crystals.

81
Q

Why do some Igneous rocks have large crystals?

A

The cooled down slowly, usually under the Earth’s surface. This means there was lots of time for the minerals to bond together and as a result they have grown large crystals.

82
Q

What are Clastic Sedimentary rocks fromed from?

A

Fragments of other rocks that have been bonded together.

83
Q

What do we call the process of turning into a Sedimentary rock?

A

Lithification

84
Q

What name do we give to the layers that form in Sedimentary rock?

A

Strata

85
Q

Where do sediments usually end up before being turned into a Sedimentary rock?

A

Seas/Oceans/Lakes

86
Q

What do we call it when different sediments begin to get stuck together?

A

Cementation

87
Q

What has to happen to another rock for it to turn into a metamorphic rock?

A

Heat and Pressure

88
Q

What does the word ‘morph’ mean?

A

To change

89
Q

During compaction, what is squeezed out?

A

Moisture

90
Q

The process of turning into a sedimentary rock, is called?

A

Lithification

91
Q

Give an example of a Clastic Sedimentary rock

A

Sandstone / Shale / Gritstone / Puddingstone (Conglomerate) / Limestone / Mudstone / Siltstone

92
Q

List the 4/5 theories that caused dinosaur extinction.

A

Climate change, volcanoic eruption, diseases and meteorite, competition

93
Q

The type of metamorphic rock formed depends on the original rock that it was made from e.g. Granite turns into ………………………………

A

Gneiss

94
Q

How do sediments turn into a sedimentary rock (in two words)?

A

Compaction and Cementation (Lithification)

95
Q

How does an igneous rock turn into magma (in one word)?

A

Melting

96
Q

How does a Sedimentary rock turn into a Metamorphic rock (in two words)?

A

Heat and Pressure

97
Q

How does a Sedimentary rock turn into a Igneous rock (in one word)?

A

Melting

98
Q

How does a Metamorphic rock turn into sediments?

A

Weathering and Erosion

99
Q

Name a use for Granite

A

Kitchen Surfaces / Kerb stones/ building material

100
Q

Name a property of sandstone that makes it useful for building?

A

It can be easily carved and shaped into blocks

101
Q

Why do we use Slate for roofing?

A

It is water resistant and can be cut into flat tiles

102
Q

Name a use for Coal

A

It burns, used for fires and energy production.

103
Q

Name a use for Pumice

A

Bath scrub

104
Q

Name a use for Obsidian

A

Tools for cutting. It is also often used to make jewellery.

105
Q

Which rock are we most likely to find fossils?

A

Sedimentary

106
Q

What are the four types of fossil?

A

Body / Mold / Resin / Trace

107
Q

What are the four types of trace fossil?

A

Bite marks / Footprints / nest / Droppings

108
Q

How long ago did Dinosaurs go extinct?

A

65 million years ago

109
Q

What does the word Dinosaur mean?

A

Terrible Lizard

110
Q

Which animals are relatives of Dinosaurs?

A

Turtles / Crocodiles / Birds

111
Q

What was the first time period of the Dinosaurs?

A

Triassic

112
Q

What was the second time period of the Dinosaurs?

A

Jurassic

113
Q

What was the last time period of the Dinosaurs?

A

Cretaceous

114
Q

What name do we give to the era that included the Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous?

A

Mesezoic Era

115
Q

How does a mold fossil form?

A

A mold fossil is the imprint left by an organisms shell or skeleton on another rock.

116
Q

How does a resin Fossil form?

A

Animals (usually insects) are trapped in tree sap (resin). Over time this tree sap becomes hardened, turning into amber, still containing the insect, preserved inside.

117
Q

Why are complete body fossils so rare?

A

When an animal does it is often broken appart by scavagers and its remains are scattered. Whole body fossils require the organism to have died and been buried quickly. This usally happens in water.

118
Q

What can we learn from trace fossils?

A

Facts about an animals life. Primerily Diet and hunting patterns.

119
Q

The type of metamorphic rock formed depends on the original rock that it was made from e.g. Coal turns into ………………………………

A

Diamond

120
Q

The type of metamorphic rock formed depends on the original rock that it was made from e.g. Shale turns into ………………………………

A

Slate / Schist / Gneiss

121
Q

The type of metamorphic rock formed depends on the original rock that it was made from e.g. Sandstone turns into ………………………………

A

Quartzite

122
Q

The type of metamorphic rock formed depends on the original rock that it was made from e.g. Chalk/Limestone turns into ………………………………

A

Marble

123
Q

What does the word extinction mean?

A

Died out

Y6 Summer exams (5 decks)

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