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Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

How many German soldiers died in WW1?

A

2 million

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2
Q

How much was Germany’s debt after WW1?

A

150 billion marks

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3
Q

How many Germans died of food shortages?

A

750,000

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4
Q

How many elections between 1919 and 1923?

A

9

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5
Q

Article which meant that the President could make all decisions in a crisis.

A

Article 48

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6
Q

Army limitations.

A

Army of 100,000 soldiers, a navy of 6 battleships and no submarines or airforce.

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7
Q

Amount of land, iron and coal lost.

A

13% of land, 50% of iron and 15% of coal.

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8
Q

Freikorps

A

Formed by Ebert - made up of 25,000 men by March 1919.

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9
Q

Number of political murders between 1919 and 1922.

A

376

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10
Q

Spartacists Uprising

A

January 1919 - 100,000 people backed by the KDP went on strike and took over government papers and telegraph offices. They were stopped by the Freikorps and the leaders, Luxemburg and Liebknecht, were arrested and killed.

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11
Q

Kapp Putsch

A

March 1920 - 5000 Freikorps marched on Berlin led by Wolfgang Kapp. The government officials fled and Kapp took over. The Putsch ended when the people went on strike for four days. Kapp was arrested.

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12
Q

The occupation of the Ruhr 1923

A

The French occupied the Ruhr after Germany didn’t send coal to France.

Ruhr supported 80% of German industry so this caused more debts, shortages and unemployment.

300 mills and 2000 printers created for new bank notes

This caused hyperinflation.

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13
Q

Price of a loaf of bread before and after hyperinflation.

A

1 mark in 1919 to 200,000 marks in 1923.

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14
Q

When was the Rentenbank and Rentenmark created?

A

1924 - became Reichsbank and Reichsmark after hyperinflation had ended.

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15
Q

When was Stresemann made Chancellor?

A

August 1923

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16
Q

Dawes Plan

A

1924 - Reduced repayments to $50 million a year and loaned German businesses $25 billion.

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17
Q

Young Plan

A

1929 - Reparation reduced from £6.6 billion to £2 billion Germany given 59 extra years to pay it.

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18
Q

Locarno Pact

A

1925 - Stresemann signed it with Britain, France, Italy and Belgium as equals. Germany accepted ToV borders with France and the Rhineland was permanently demilitarised.

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19
Q

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A

1928 - Germany and 61 other countries signed it to promise peaceful foreign policy.

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20
Q

Stresemann died of a heart attack

A

3rd October 1929

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21
Q

Wall Street Crash

A

October 29th 1929

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22
Q

Unemployment fall between 1926 and 1928

A

Unemployment fell to 2 million in 1926 and 1.3 million in 1928

60 marks a week to help the unemployed.

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23
Q

Changes in working hours and wages

A

Shorter week by 4 hours and wages up 25%.

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24
Q

New housing

A

37,000 new homes built after 1925 and building associations built 64,000 houses.

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25
Improvement in education
Higher education up by 40,000 people
26
Women given the vote
1918 - 90% of women voted.
27
Women in the Reichstag
112 women by 1932. 10% of the politicians in the Reichstag were women by 1932.
28
Women in the workforce
Only 36% of women worked in 1925 but they were paid 33% less than men and they weren't in high status jobs (only 36 judges).
29
When did Hitler join the DAP (German Workers Party)?
February 1919
30
When did Hitler and Drexler write the 25 point program?
January 1920
31
Increase in DAP membership in 1920
1000 in June and 3000 by the end of 1920.
32
When did Hitler take control of the DAP?
July 1921 - Hitler took control and set up the NSDAP (Nazis).
33
When was the SA set up?
August 1921 - 800 members
34
Munich beer hall Putsch
8th November 1923 - Hitler and 600 members of the SA take control of a Munich beer hall containing Bavarian leaders. Hitler wanted to make Ludendorff the new leader of Germany. Rohm took over the police and army HQs with the SA. 9th November 1923 - Ludendorff released some of the leaders and a shootout took place between the SA and the police. 11th November 1923 - Hitler was arrested.
35
Consequences of Munich beer hall Putsch
Hitler sentenced to five years in prison for treason but he only served 9 months. The NSDAP was banned until February 1925. Hitler wrote Mein Kampf. Hitler banned from public speeches until 1927.
36
How many Gauleiters?
35 for the 35 regions of Germany
37
When was Hitler released from prison?
20th December 1924
38
When did Hitler replace Rohm as the leader of the SA and set up the SS?
1925 - SS led by Heinrich Himmler. 2000 SS members by 1930.
39
Bamberg Conference
1926 - Strasser lost to Goebbels and Nationalism beat Socialism.
40
Unemployment in 1933
January 1933: 6 million unemployed - 40% factory workers, 50% 16-30 year olds + 60% University grads.
41
Heinrich Bruning
Chancellor from 1930 to 1932 - unpopular as he raised taxes and he bought land from landowners to house the unemployed.
42
Increased Communist support
1930 - KDP had 10% of the vote.
43
1930 Election
Nazis won 107 out of 577 seats (18% of vote), Communists won 13% of the vote and the SDP won 25%.
44
When did von Papen become Chancellor?
30th May 1932
45
July 1932 Reichstag Elections
100 people killed in violence - Nazis were the biggest party with 230 seats.
46
When was von Schleicher made Chancellor?
December 1932
47
When did von Schleicher propose a military dictatorship?
January 1933
48
When was Hitler made Chancellor?
30th January 1933 - Hitler made Chancellor and von Papen made Vice Chancellor.
49
Reichstag Fire
27th February 1933 - Started by Van de Lubbe (Dutch Communist). 4000 Communists were arrested and Hitler declared a state of emergency.
50
General Election - 5th March 1933
The Nazis won 288 seats in the Reichstag and all Communist papers were banned.
51
Enabling Act
23rd March 1933 - Gave Hitler the power to pass laws without approval from the Reichstag.
52
Trade Unions
Banned in May 1933.
53
Local government
April 1933 - Central government made stronger than local government.
54
Other political parties
July 1933 - All other parties banned.
55
Fuhrer
August 1934 - Hindenberg died and Hitler merged the roles of the President and the Chancellor.
56
SD
Formed in 1931 by Himmler to monitor political opponents. Led by Heydrich and kept details on all suspects.
57
Gestapo
Set up in 1933 by Goering. Kidnapped and tortured people opposed to the Nazis. Only 30,000 in Germany.
58
SS
Set up in 1925 - had 240 members. 240,000 members by the 1930s.
59
Courts
1933 - All judges had to join the National Socialist League for the Maintenance of the Law. People's Court set up which held secret trials for treason - 534 people sentenced to death.
60
Number of people arrested for opposing the Nazis by 1939.
150,000
61
Pastor Emergency League
Set up by Martin Niemoller (Protestant Pastor) after the introduction of the Reich Church that merged Nazism with the Church. 1937 - Niemoller sent to a concentration camp and the PEL was banned.
62
Joseph Goebbels
Made the Minister for Propaganda in 1933 - controlled media, sports, culture and the arts.
63
Reich Chamber of Visual Arts
42,000 artists joined it. 12,000 works of art removed in 1936.
64
Book burning
10th May 1933 - 20,00 books burnt and 2,500 writers banned.
65
Nuremberg Rally
1934 - 200,000 people, 100ft eagle and 130 searchlights.
66
Films
45 minute Nazi newsreel before each film and 1,300 films made by the Nazis.
67
Radios
70% of households had them by 1939 - short range to prevent foreign radio stations from being heard.
68
Confessing church
Set up by the PEL in 1934 to rival the Reich Church - 800 pastors sent to concentration camps.
69
National Labour Service (RAD)
Workers sent to public work programmes such as building motorways - 3,500 km built by 1938. 1935 - all men forced to do 6 months of labour service - 422,000 men.
70
Employment by 1939
Employment had risen by 4 million. Unemployment had dropped to 500,000 but 125,000 men were employed in the RAD, women and Jews weren't counted, thousands were in prison and 1,360,000 men were in the army.
71
German Labour Front (DAF)
Protected workers pay, hours and rights but workers couldn't argue about pay or hours, strike or stop work to protest.
72
Strength through Joy (KDF)
Gave workers leisure time activities like sports, films, theatre trips and travel. 35 million workers had joined by 1936. Workers could save 5 marks a week towards a Volkswagen but this money paid for war supplies.
73
Beauty of Labour (SDA)
Gave grants for better workers facilities. 34,000 companies improved by 1938 but the workers had to build the facilities themselves.
74
Wages 1936-1939
Wages increased by 20% but prices also increased by 20%.
75
Working hours 1933-1939
43 hours to 49 hours
76
Youth Groups
1933 - All other youth groups apart from Nazi youth groups banned. 1936 - Nazi youth took over all sports facilities. Hitler Youth were taught to read maps, survival skills and shooting. It was for 14-18 year olds but they were alternatives for younger children. Girls joined the League of German Maidens where they were taught mothering, Nazi views and racial hygiene.
77
School
Time on sport was doubled. Maths problems calculated racist ideas. Racial biology - 'eugenics' tried to prove that Germans were pure and perfect. 180 head teachers sacked for not teaching Nazi ideas. By 1939, the Nazi Teachers League ran courses for 200,000 teachers and all had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler. 16 Napolas (boarding schools) set up to train the most racially pure Germans for the SS, police and army.
78
The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage
1933 - gave an 1000 mark loan to newly married couples and each child born wiped 250 marks off of the loan.
79
Divorce Laws
1938 - Men could divorce women who wouldn't or couldn't have children.
80
The Mother's Cross
Medal awarded to mothers with lots of children - 4 children for bronze, 6 children for silver and 8 children for gold.
81
Lebensborn Programme1
1935 - Women had children with SS men to increase the birth rate.
82
German Women's Enterprise (DFW)
6 million members - joined all women's groups under Nazi control. By 1939, 1.7 million women went on courses by the DFW. 1933 - Women banned from being teachers, doctors and lawyers - 360,000 gave up work by 1934. 1937 - Girl's grammar schools banned and girls at Uni fell by 11,000 by 1939.
83
Kristallnacht
Caused by the death of a German official in Paris after they were shot by a Polish Jew. 9th-10th November 1938 - Goebbels ordered SS attacks on synagogues and Hitler ordered national attacks on Jews (undercover, only by SS). 814 shops, 171 homes and 191 synagogues were destroyed. 100 Jews killed.
84
Nuremberg Laws
15th September 1935 - Jews lost their civil rights and were banned from marrying Germans.
85
Restrictions on Jews
1933 - 437,000 Jews in Germany. April 1933 - Banned from government September 1933 - Banned from inheriting land. May 1935 - Banned from the army. 1934 - Banned from local parks and pools - had to sit on yellow benches. March 1938 - Jews forced to register all money and belongings - could be confiscated. July 1939 - Jews had to carry ID cards.
86
Jewish boycott
30th March 1933 - People stayed away from Jewish businesses and the SA painted Jude outside Jewish shops or blocked entry.
87
Deportation of Jews
January 1939 - Jews deported from Germany by Reinhard Heydrich. April 1939 - Jews evicted from homes.

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