Migration Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Viking raid on Lindisfarne
A
793 AD
2
Q
York conquered
A
866 AD
3
Q
Jewish Migrants arrive
A
1070
4
Q
Centre of Viking’s political power
A
Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stanford
5
Q
Harrying of the North
A
1069
6
Q
The Pope changed Italian banker interest laws
A
1265
7
Q
Jews banned from collecting interest
A
1275
8
Q
3,000 Jews expelled from England by Edward I
A
1290
9
Q
Edward III invited Flemish weaver
A
1331
10
Q
Steelyard
A
Home of the Hansa merchants - controlled the cloth industry by mid-1400s.
11
Q
Peasants Revolt
A
1381 - 150 foreign merchants and weavers murdered and Steelyard attacked.
12
Q
The Forest Laws
A
People in forests couldn’t cut down trees or hunt.
13
Q
Domesday Book
A
1085 - kept track of who owned what to help work out tax.
14
Q
Murdrum
A
Fine introduced that had to be paid by a village if a Norman Noble was killed.
15
Q
Lombardy Bankers
A
Arrived in the 1220s to replace the Jewish money lenders.
16
Q
St Brice’s Day Massacre
A
13th November 1002
17
Q
King Cnut
A
1016
18
Q
Danegeld
A
Money paid to the Vikings by the Saxons to make them stay away from England - was unsuccessful.
19
Q
Shires and Courts
A
England was divided into shires by the Normans, which were controlled by sheriffs.
Shire courts dealt with serious crimes and each shire was divided into a ‘Hundred’ that had its own courts and dealt with day-to-day disputes.
20
Q
Jewish money lenders funding William I
A
84 castles
21
Q
Things
A
Courts created by the Vikings - trial by jury and everyone is equal.
22
Q
York
A
The population grew by 15,000.
York had the only coin mint in the North of England.
Trades in the city included: blacksmiths, metalworkers, glassworkers, potters jewelry makers etc.
The Church lost influence but many Vikings converted.
York was taken back by the Saxons in 927 by Athelstan.
23
Q
The Reformation
A
1534
24
Q
East India Company
A
1600
25
Royal African Company
1660
26
St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
1572
27
Edict of Nantes revoked
1685
28
Huguenots arriving between 1670-1710
50,000
29
Foreign Protestants Naturalisation Act
Passed in 1709 - gave Protestants who swore an oath of loyalty to the monarch could have full civil rights in England.
30
June 1709
12,000 Palatines migrated to London and lived in a huge refugee camp in Blackheath.
The public raised £20,000 to help them.
31
Rabbi Menasseh ben Israel persuades Oliver Cromwell to allow Jews to return to England.
1655
32
The Jews return to England
From March 1656
Synagogue set up in the same year.
33
Muslims forced out of Spain
1568
34
Palatines deported
1709 - 3,000 sent to Ireland and 3,000 sent to New York
35
How many Jews dependent on other Jews?
500 of the 1000 Jews in London
36
Jewish schools
1644 - The 'Gates of Hope' Boys' school set up for poor Jewish boys.
1730 - The 'Villa Real' schools set up for poor Jewish girls.
37
Huguenots boosted English silk industry
Silk production increased 20 times between 1650 and 1700.
38
Huguenots developed paper mills and steel.
200 paper mills by 1714.
39
Huguenots invested in the bank of England
10% of the funding came from the Huguenots.
40
Dutch workers in the Fens
Led by Cornelius Vermuyden
Had drained 40,000 acres of land by 1642.
That land was used for agriculture and lakes.
41
Printing press
Invented in the 1440s - Books no longer had to be written by hand by monks.
1535 - two thirds of the people working in the book trade were European.
42
Polydore Vergil
Italian Priest who was sent to England by the Pope in 1502 - he wrote 26 books about English history that became compulsory reading in schools in 1582.
43
Sandwich
1561 - 400 Flemish weavers invited to Sandwich to work in the weaving and fishing industries.
1569 - English people in Sandwich complained that the Flemish were taking their jobs.
1582 - Over 1,500 Flemish weavers in Sandwich (half of the town's population) - Elizabeth I's council gave the Flemish permission to move and work other trades elsewhere after the town complained.
44
Canterbury
1575 - Walloon migrants were invited to Canterbury.
The city authorities gave them 100 empty houses and an unused Monastery. The Monastery was converted into a school, a weavers' hall and a market.
The Walloon community was overseen by 12 elders.
By 1600, over 3,000 Walloons were living and working in Canterbury.
New trades were developed such as silk dying and diamond cutting.
800 looms by 1600.
45
Spitalfields
Charles II offered Huguenots 'denizen status'.
Huguenots were highly skilled weavers who increased the production of silk fabrics 20 times between 1650 and 1700.
Riots threatened to break out due to the success of the Huguenots but this was prevented by the Huguenots teaching their skills to the English weavers.
By 1700, 9 churches had been built for the Huguenots.
£64,000 raised by William III and Mary II to help the Huguenots settle in.
46
Reform Act
1832 - More men owning property can vote.
47
Catholic Emancipation Act
1829 - Catholics allowed the same rights as Protestants.
48
Restrictions on Jews lifted
Restrictions lifted in 1830
1858 - Jews could become MPs
49
Slavery
Slavery banned in 1807 and slavery in the British Empire is forbidden in 1833.
50
Changes in transport
1840 - new network of roads created that run from London to all major cities.
1761 - Bridgewater Canal linked the Worsley coal mines and Manchester.
1830 - Liverpool to Manchester Railway opened.
51
Britain takes control of the East India Company
1858
52
Scramble for Africa
After 1885
53
Britain rules one fifth of the world's land and a quarter of the population.
By 1900
54
Jews arriving in Britain between 1880 and 1900
100,000 Jews
55
Irish Famine
1845 - Blight destroyed one third of the entire potato crop.
1846 - Entire crop destroyed.
1 million died from starvation and 2 million were forced to migrate to England.
56
How many people transported by Royal African Company
212,000 people.
57
1871 vs 1901: number of inhabitants in Jewish households.
9 vs 14
58
Number of Irish people in British Army by 1868
55,000 Irish soldiers
59
Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade
Formed in 1787 - aimed to educate people about the horrors of the slave trade. Notable members were Thomas Clarkson and Olaudah Equiano.
60
Slave owners were compensated £20 million for the loss of their slaves.
1833
61
Chartists
A working class mass protest movement.
Disappointed by the Reform Act 1832 due to its restrictions.
Notable members were Feargus O'Connor and William Cuffay.
62
Migrants set up many businesses such as:
Moss Bros, General Electric Company and M&S
63
German migrants included political thinkers such as:
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
64
Liverpool
Irish navvies helped to build the docks and thousands of migrants worked on them after.
By 1851, 20% of Liverpool's population was Irish.
7 miles of dock by 1900 that could handle 10.5 million tonnes of goods.
Second most profitable port after London.
60,000 irish people caught typhus in 1847 - nicknamed 'Irish fever'.
65
Whitechapel
180,000 Jews arrived in London after 1880 - they were escaping pogroms in Russia.
40% of people in Whitechapel were Jewish.
Many Jewish migrants worked in illegal sweatshops.
Jews blamed for the 'Jack the Ripper' murders.
Shelter established by Jewish community leaders where migrants could stay for 2 weeks and get 2 meals a day.
Jewish Free School set up to educate Jewish children.
Crash course on English language and customs introduced.
66
Ayahs - 1700 to 1900
Ended up in overcrowded lodging houses with up to 50 other ayahs.
67
The Representation of the People Act
1918 - gave some women the vote.
68
The National Health Service Act
1948 - created the NHS
69
Equal Pay Act and Minimum Wage Act
1970 and 1998 - legislation protecting workers rights.
70
Aliens Act
1905 - restricted immigration into Britain.
71
Race Relations Act
1965 - Banned racial discrimination in public places and hatred on the grounds of colour, race, ethnicity or national origins a criminal offence.
72
EEC (European Economic Community)
The UK joined the EEC in 1973
73
Belgians in WW1
250,000 Belgians fled to Britain.
90% of them returned to Belgium after the war.
74
Poles in WW2
160,000 Poles fled to Britain.
75
Poles in the RAF
14,000 Poles joined the RAF in WW2.
76
Indians fighting for Britain in WW2
2.5 million Indians
77
Men fighting for Britain from the Empire
8 million men
78
Children's Overseas Reception Board
Organised the evacuation of British Children to the Dominions - stopped after two ships were torpedoed by the Germans.
79
Kindertransport
8,200 children travelled to Britain from Germany without their parents.
80
British Nationality Act
1948 - gave British passports to millions of people in the colonies.
81
The Empire Windrush
June 1948 - brought 800 Caribbean migrants to the UK.
82
Hungarians
14,000 arrived after Hungarian uprising in 1956.
83
Ugandan Asians
50,000 migrated to the UK after being expelled from Uganda by Idi Amin in 1972. Offered British passports by the UK.
84
Germans and Italians in WW2
Many were interned until the sinking of the SS Arandora Star, which was carrying 1,140 German and Italian Internees.
85
Polish servicemen after the war.
120,000 Polish servicemen and their families remained in the UK after WW2.
86
The Battle of Cable Street
4th October 1936 - The British Union of Fascists attempted to march through Whitechapel but 100,000 migrants and anti-fascists stopped them.
87
Enoch Powell
'Rivers of blood' speech was anti-immigration.
75% of Britons believed that there were too many ethnic minorities living in the UK.
88
Brixton Race Riots
1981 - Started due to problems such as the Sus Law, high unemployment and racial discrimination.
1,000 people stopped and searched in Brixton in 6 days.
89
2001 Race Riots
Took place in Bradford, Oldham and Burnley.
Started after a fight between rival drug dealers.
More than 25% of Burnley's housing was unfit to live in.
At least 40% of households dependent on government benefits.
90
Windrush Scandal
2012 - people had to prove that they had a right to live in Britain.
The Home Office had destroyed 1000s of landing cards, which proved people had arrived legally.
Many people from the Windrush generation were deported.
91
NHS staff
By 2003, 29% of NHS doctors and 43% of NHS nurses were born outside of the UK.
92
League of Coloured People
1931 - Influential pressure group for Black rights in Britain.
93
London Transport
By 1968, London Transport had 9,000 migrant employees.
94
Bristol
By 1958, there were 1500 Caribbean migrants in the city and by 1962 there were 3000.
Force to find homes in St Paul's (a war damaged area) and had to live in HMOs.
The Bristol Bus Boycott in 1963 took place due to the colour bar in the Transport and General Workers Union.
By 1966, there were only 4 ethnic minority bus drivers and 39 conductors.
1962 - Owen Henry and Roy Hackett formed the West Indian Development Council.
95
Leicester
6,000 Ugandan Asians settled in Leicester.
August 1972 - City council complained to the government that it was full up
Asian entrepreneurs opened their own shops - 20% of these business owners were educated at degree level.
By 2004, there were over 10,000 businesses owned by Asians.
The Golden Mile is a road with many aspects of Asian culture.
96
Debt Britain was in after WW2
£21 billion
97
How many people killed in bombing raids?
43,000 people
98
How many buildings damaged and destroyed?
70,000 buildings damaged and 1.7 million destroyed.
99
The NHS after WW2
Ran recruitment programs in 16 Commonwealth countries and had recruited 5,000 Jamaican nurses by 1965.
100
HMOs in Notting Hill
2-3 people shared a room in very crowded conditions. They were charged £6 - £7 a week.
101
Peter Rachman
Polish migrant who made £80,000 a year from 80 properties that he rented out to migrants in Notting Hill.
102
Notting Hill Housing
Set up by Bruce Kenrick, who raised £20,000 to buy a house and rent it cheaply.
1970 - housing up to 1000 people
103
Portobello Road Market
Stocked food items from the Caribbean such as breadfruit and dasheens.
Had many Caribbean businesses such as the Las Palmas restaurant and the Piss House Pub.
104
Rent Parties
Friends paid a small entry fee and paid for drinks - good way of meeting and sharing ideas.
105
Shebeens
Unofficial clubs with gambling and blues music - often broken up by police.
106
The El Rio restaurant
Opened by Frank Critchlow in 1959.
107
The Unity Association
Helped house homeless black people.
108
Anti-immigration groups
Racist groups such as the 'Teddy Boys' attacked black people in Notting Hill.
The White Defence League and the Union Movement tried to stir up racial tension in Notting Hill.
109
The Notting Hill Riots
August 1958 - 100s of white youths targeted black homes in Notting Hill. 72 white rioters and 36 black people were arrested.
110
Kelso Cochrane
Murdered in May 1959 by white youths. The youths were never caught and the police denied racial motives.
111
The Mangrove restaurant
Opened by Frank Critchlow in 1968 - it gave support and legal advice to the black community and it was very popular.
Angry at frequent and unjust police raids, the BBP organised protests in August 1970 and 9 people were arrested.
'The Mangrove Nine' were acquitted of all charges and the judge admitted that there was racism in the police force.
Notable members of 'The Mangrove Nine' were Darcus Howe and Altheia Jones.
112
The West Indian Gazette
Started by Claudia Jones in 1958 - first black newspaper.
Jones also organised the Caribbean Carnival in 1959.
113
British Black Panthers
Formed in 1968, it campaigned against police brutality.
It was based in All Saints Road.
114
Commonwealth Immigration Act
1962 - restricted the migration of Commonwealth citizens into Britain.
115
Migrants pay
paid £3 less than the average wage.
