Germany - 3rd Reich Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
When was the Reichstag Fire?
A
27th February 1933
2
Q
What happened on the day of the Reichstag fire?
A
The Reichstag was burned down by a dutch communist that gave Hitler the opportunity to encourage Hindenburg to sign emergency legislation to give Hitler total control of the state
3
Q
what was the name of the communist that burned down the Reichstag? Who caught them?
A
Mannus Van De Lubbe - Nazis
4
Q
How did the Reichstag fire benefit the Nazis?
A
Nazis credited for catching communistanti-communist propaganda was able to be spreadfinancial support gained from industrialists
5
Q
what decree was passed as a result of the Reichstag fires?
A
Decree For The Protection Of The People And State
6
Q
what did the emergency decree passed by Hindenburg suspend? (3 points)
A
suspended German Civil Rightsmade illegal arrests legalbanned opposition
7
Q
when were elections following Reichstag fire?
A
5th March
8
Q
how many votes did Nazis gain in the 1933 elections?
A
17.5mill votes
9
Q
how many seats did Nazis gain in 1933 elections?
A
288
10
Q
what was the intention behind Night Of The Long Knives?
A
removed Ernest Rohn and SA to gain the approval of the military
11
Q
why did Ernest Rohn need to be removed?
A
Rohn was highly critical of Hitler and the SA were viewed as thugs by many Germans
12
Q
What did Rohm disagree with Hitler’s rulings?
A
Rohm believed Hitler’s conciliations to the old government, army and industrialists were wrong
13
Q
why were the SA seen as disposable by Hitler?
A
Hitler already had SS and Gestapo
14
Q
What happened on the 30th June 1934?
A
Ernest Rohm and SA senior officers were arrested and shot the next dayover the next few days several hundreds were murdered by the SS
15
Q
who is an example of those killed by SS who weren’t SA seniors?
A
Von Schleicher and Wife
16
Q
Following the elections, where did Hitler open the Reichstag and when?
A
Potsdam and Garrison Church1933
17
Q
When was the enabling Act Passed?
A
24th March
18
Q
when was the Enabling Act renewed?
A
1937
19
Q
How many voted in favour of the Enabling Act?
A
444
20
Q
How many voted against the Enabling Act?
A
84
21
Q
when did Hitler pass a law to solidify Germany as one party state?
A
14th July 1933
22
Q
what is the fuhrer?
A
Combination of president and chancellor
23
Q
how did Hitler confirm his role as Fuhrer?
A
Held a plebiscite to confirm and make it more acceptable abroad
24
Q
Who convinced Hitler to assassinate Rohm? Why?
A
Heinrich Himmler (leader of the SS) convinced Hitler that Rohm was plotting a takeover
25
How many deaths occured in June 1934?
400
26
What was the Nazis Principle of working?
Volkesmeinschaft
27
what is Volkesmeinschaft?
the whole nation working towards the common good
28
what did the whole Nazi state operate on?
FuhrerPrinzip
29
What is Fuhrerprinzip?
strict hierarchical order where every area of life had someone in charge to tell people what to do
30
what was frowned upon in Nazi values?
autonomy and working alone
31
why were there work clashes between ministers under Hitler?
there were several branches beneath Hitler, some positions led to similar opportunities
32
what were the main branches beneath Hitler? (4 marks)
The chancellerythe partycourt systemReich's chancellery
33
what was Hitler's attitude as a Prime Minister?
hated paperwork and left majority of it to others
34
what was the main Principle of Hitler's rule that ministers followed when passing legislations
'working towards the Fuhrer' and catering towards Hitler's broad Principle's
35
Who is an example of a Nazi who carries out Hitler's agenda and was awarded with more power?
Goebbels in Ministry Of Propaganda
36
why did Ministers never hold meetings to discuss policies?
Hitler banned cabinet meetings to prevent opposition
37
who carried out Administration within the Nazi Party?
Civil Service under Wilhelm Frick as Minister of the Interior
38
how was the administration run?
on Fuhrerprinzip and operated within Nazi ideology
39
which group did Frick's civil service often come into conflict with?
Reich Special Agencies
40
why were Civil Service Decisions generally considered unstable?
Overruled by Nazi Principle
41
why did Hitler see Christianity as a threat to fascism?
potential source of opposition as it promoted the values of peace
42
who led the state Reich Church?
Nazi Bishop Ludwig Muller
43
what was the intention behind creating a state reich church?
unified the different branches of Protestantism and allowed Nazis to use the term 'German Christians' within the Reich Church to promote Nazi ideals.
44
when was the concordat with the pope?
1933
45
What were the terms of the concordat?
If the catholic Church did not interfere in political matters, then Hitler would not interfere in catholic church runnings
46
What were the four attempts by the Nazis to suppress the church? (4)
Reich Church tried to ban the old testament pastors of a confessional church were arrestedtried to stop catholics using crucifixes catholic newspapers banned
47
Why did the Reich Church try to ban the old testament?
Considered a Jewish Book
48
how many pastors in the confessional church were arrested and sent to concentration camps?
800
49
how many catholic priests were sent to Dachau?
400
50
was Hitler's attempts at controlling the catholic church successful?
No
51
When did Hitler lose control of the protestant church?
1937
52
Why did Hitler lose control of the catholic church?
In return for them staying out of politics
53
why was Hitler's attempts at reducing religion in Germany proven unsuccessful?
attendance at catholic churches increased substantially under the Nazis, especially WW2
54
did protestant and catholic church oppose the Nazi regime?
highly
55
What were the changes made to the Lander under Nazi leadership?
A law for reconstructing the reich officially terminated the Lander saying that German people now had unity that overruled regional differences
56
When was the law for reconstructing the Reich?
30th January 1934
57
During the early 1930s, name the three main groups of opposition against the Nazis?
youth groupsTrade unionsChurch groups
58
Why did many struggle to oppose the Nazi regime?
Risk of betrayal and sense of disloyalty towards Germany
59
Why did many members in military struggle to oppose the Nazis?
Guilt against swearing the oath of loyalty to Hitler
60
Which two parties tried to oppose the parties?
SPD & KPD
61
What was an attempt at opposition by the SPD?
“Red schock Troop” newspaper released by SPD
62
Why were attempts at opposition considered useless?
Generated a list of people to arrest and send to concentration camps for Nazis
63
What were the two main methods of opposition?
Sabotage and disobedience
64
How did workers try to sabbotage?
Held lightning strikes in factories?
65
What were lightning strikes?
Strikes that lasted a few hours in factories by working slowly, damaging machinery or reporting in a sick
66
What is an example of a lightning strike held in factories against Nazis?
1936 autobalms strike
67
When was the autobalms strike?
1936
68
Why did sabotage weaken as a form of opposition against the Nazis?
As a result of high demand for workers in WW2, smaller scale forms of opposition went overlooked unless they had impact
69
Which age group was Disobedience popular amongst?
Youth
70
How did affluent middle class youth express disobedience? (3)
refuse to join Hitler youth groupsWent to clubs to listen to Jazz and swingDressed more western
71
when were western clubs outlawed and went underground?
1940
72
Why were arrests amongst youth for disobedience uncommon?
Did not express anti nazi sentiment openly
73
What are two examples of extremist youth groups?
White Rose EdelWeiss Pirates
74
How did the Edelweiss pirates express opposition? (3 marks)
wore their own uniformSome factions painted anti nazi slogansDelivered allied propaganda to neighbourhoods
75
Where did White Rose Group operate?
University of Munich
76
Was the White Rose group a secret?
Yes
77
how did the White Rose Group express opposition?
Distributed anti-Nazi material exposing the murder of Jews
78
What was another method of opposition frequently used?
Helping people escape Nazi arrest
79
Which group often held organised escape lines?
The protestant church
80
What is an example of someone who worked within the system and helped people escape?
Hans Von Dohnanyi
81
Did the war change economic policies?
No but it changed how economic policies were run
82
How were war policy runnings changed?
1942, the Centralised Planning Board was created under Albert Speer's persuasion as Minister of Armaments and munitions
83
Why was the centralised planning board created?
Office of Four Year plan was not managing war production well
84
What was the Centralised Planning Board? (2)
A way to distribute raw materials without biasallowed them to decide whether to build a new factory or extend an existing one and organise transport
85
Who was the first Minister Of Armaments?
Fritz Todt
86
Which Party member was known for bias when distributing materials durring war?
Goering - head officer of 4 year plan and Head of Airforce
87
What was Fritz Todt's assigned Task as Minister of Armaments?
given task of organising industry to full production
88
Why did Fritz Todt fail?
Lacked centralised control as other party members refused to accept his authority
89
What enabled the Nazi economy to survive until 1945?
The work of Albert Speer, although it did not change the direction of the war. His manipulation of slave labour availability and organisation allowed the Nazi economy to survive
90
how many forced labourers worked under Speer?
12mill
91
What caused Germany to lose resources?
Allied bombings were destroying factories and transport links that meant goods could not be easily transported.
92
Who allowed the 1944 Ardennes offensive to be launched?
The work of Albert Speer
93
What caused all factories and evidence of war crimes to be destroyed when war loss became inevitable?
Hitler's scorched Earth Policy
94
What were signs of German war loss?
By 1945 April: Berlin could not communicate with other unoccupied areas as pressure on food, fuels and munitions increased due to increased refugees from the EastMay 1945: economic and military collapse
95
At what point was Albert Speer appointment Minister of Armaments?
at a point of crisis for the regime
96
why was Germany considered to be in a point of crisis when Speer was appointed? (2)
Reich engaged in a stalemate with USSR and USAmerica recently declaring war on Germany
97
With the convince of Speer, who was only allowed to overrule the Central Planning Board
Hitler
98
What did Speer implement to improve production efficiency? (4 marks)
closed factories to concentrate production to a few larger ones more modern methods of production were introducedmore efficient techniques and machineryFollowed Henry Ford's manufacturing principles
99
What is an example of a modern production method introduced by Albert Speer to improve production?
Production lines
100
How did Speer improve the workforce? (3)
Ensured that only the most skilled Germans fuelled the workforce by preventing their conscription allowed industrial managers to have their own freedom to organise productionwomen were encouraged to to be employed to overcome labour shortages
101
What are 2 examples of places Speer architect-ed?
Reich ChancelleryZeppenlinfield stadium
102
What exploitative measures did Speer take to overcome labour shortages?
administered slave labour using concentration camp prisoners to hundreds of firms such as IG Farben
103
Why was Albert Speer's work futile in the end?
while changes in factory production was made easier, delays were still caused overstretched war economy meant that loss was inevitable
104
When did Speer establish a Central Planning Board?
22nd April 1942
105
What % of the work force was in the army in 1929 compared to the % in 1944?
1929: 1.4%1944: 13%
106
What is a statistic that can be used as evidence to show Speer's positive impact on workforce production? (3)
during 1942, the production of 200cm searchlights was 20this rose to 80 by end of 1943and 150 by end of 1944
107
What was production compared to 1940?
3x that of 1940
108
Why was it important for the Nazis to achieve economic recovery?
The Nazis came to power promising economic recovery
109
Why were reparations not an issue for Nazis?
In 1932, at a conference in Lausanne Bruning and the allies agreed that the Great Depression made reparations impossible to achieve
110
When did the Nazis announce their first 4 year plan?
1st Jan 1933
111
How did the Nazis have such an effect of employment stats? (2)
Great Depression made businesses hire againNazis manipulated statistics
112
How did the Nazis manipulate statistics? (2)
Jews removed from statistics as they were no longer allowed to work in civil service or other occupationsWomen removed from statistics as women were discouraged from working
113
How did Nazis encourage employment? (2)
Nazis created work and encouraged other businesses to do the samework schemes given to unemployed that were usually manual
114
Which service provided employment?
RAD
115
What does RAD stand for?
Reich Labour Service
116
What were the three features of these workschemes?
often for less pay than unemployment payprovided basic foodaccommodation such as tents or barracks
117
How were workschemes often beneficial for the Nazis?
Road building schemes created work and improved communications which helped move goods and raw materials more efficiently.
118
Who was the Minister of Agriculture?
Alfred Hugenburg
119
What reform did Hugenburg implement to support Autarky?
increased import tariffs on agricultural produce to make produce cheaperbanned banks repossessing farms from farmers in debt to keep them farmingmade margarine manufacturers put butter in margarine
120
Who replaced Hugenburg as Minister of Agriculture?
Richard Darre
121
What did Darre set up?
The RNS
122
What does the RNS stand for?
Reich Food Estate
123
What was the purpose of the RNS? (2)
to regulate food production and distribute producesetting prices and farming wages
124
How much did the RNS fine farmers who did not conform?
up to 100,000 RM
125
What work creation schemes were set up and who were the target for these?
Work schemes at farms and building projects aimed at women
126
stats to show German farm produce increase?
In 1928, German farmers provided 68% of produce, this increased to 80% by 1933
127
When did Hugenberg resign?
May 1933
128
which big businesses supported the Nazis?
IG Farben and those in the iron and steel industry
129
which types of businesses were less happy with the Nazis?
Those reliant on exports
130
What did the 1933 Law For The Protection Of Retail Trade restrict?
stopped the branching of new stores and banned expansion of existing ones
131
which business owners had mainly supported Hitler?
Small business owners
132
Name 4 reasons why unions were considered a problem for businesses?
wage disputesstrikes lockoutsdisputes over hours
133
What were expectations of groups on Nazi attitude towards unions?
Businesses (e.g IG Farben) expected Hitler to cut unions down to sizeHowever some workers expected Nazis to provide good work under good conditions and wages
134
What was the name of the workers union the Nazis set up?
DAF
135
What did the DAF stand for?
German Labour Front
136
Why was the DAF considered non voluntary despite it being announced as voluntary?
Without joining, it became increasingly difficult to find work
137
How did the DAF allow businesses to exploit workers more?
Businesses were allowed to set their own working conditions and the Reich Trustees of Labour were a last resort who often sided with employers
138
What is the Guns Or Butter debate?
This reflected the early constant debate between prioritising reconciling the needs of rearmament or the needs for fuel and other necessities
139
What opinion did Hitler express on Guns Or Butter debate?
In public speeches and Nazi meetings, Hitler expresses priority in rearmament
140
Why was providing goods so important for Nazi goverment?
it was vital not to lose interest by introducing rations- a symbol of economic hardship that led to food shortages in Weimar
141
What was a popular slogan used as a Nazi election promise?
"Work and Bread"
142
What was the Office of The Four Year Plan's response to the Guns or Butter Debate?
The office of the Four Year plan aimed to reduce consumption without the need for rations whilst also pressing for higher production
143
How did the Office Of The Four Year Plan attempt to encourage their plans?
Made propaganda to encourage less consumption and re-educate
144
Why was the Office Of the Four Year plan made?
an attempt to have central control over everything
145
What was propaganda focusing on at the time
persuading people to eat jam with bread, not sausage
146
Was the jam propaganda effective?
Yes, Jam consumption trebled between 1928-38 but this was less successful than hoped
147
Which groups did the command economy make nazis unpopular with?
big industrialists and consumer goods manufacturers who resented levels of control
148
How did WW2 change Nazi attitudes towards women?
With millions of men not returning from war, a shift was sen in Nazi attitudes towards women with them being urged to work for war even if they were married
149
What is an example of women working due to male shortages?
By 1944, the shortage of men was so severe that women were being trained to operate anti-aircraft guns and were sent to work in signals close to the front.
150
How many kinder gardens and creches were there from NSV in 1942?
31000
151
How did the % of women in the workforce during WW2 compare to WW1?
far less76% 1913-191827% : 1933-39
152
In comparison, by what percentage did women in the workforce increase in Britain across both wars?
0.5
153
How did Nazis try to incentivise women working?
more childcare provided from october 1940, women were free to join auxiliary forces for at least 6 months
154
What were the reasons fewer women worked during WW2? (3)
Laws to force women into working were not heavily enforcedNazi propaganda effective workers brought from the occupied land
155
What law was not enforced by Nazis in WW2 to encourage women working?
1941 auxillary enlistment law
156
What was the 1941 auxillary enlistment law?
Women 18-40 members of BDM obliged to join auxiliary for at least 6 months
157
How many kindergartens and creches were there from the NSV by 1942?
31000
158
How did the percentage of women in the workforce look compared to WW1?
Far less: 76% 1913-1918 compared to 27% 1933-39
159
In comparison, by how much did Britain's workforce increase across both wars?
0.5
160
What were the reasons for employment during war decreasing in Germany? (3)
the primary reason is that less women working was conducted by the Nazis themselves:the 1941 Auxiliary enlistment law was not enforced likely due to Nazi preferences of women doing teaching or land working rather than heavy industryNazi propaganda also too effective, many women reluctant to work and organisers reluctant to have them joinMore workers to be utilised from foreign occupied land so need to mobilise women was lower
161
What was the name of the Nazi policy to control culture and education?
Gliechshaltung
162
What was nazi attitudes towards culture?
created a censorship culture in Weimar on "degenerate" art and created their own art as a propaganda tool
163
What did Nazis sees themselves as in their role in forming culture?
culture bearers of Europe
164
what does culture bearers mean in German?
Kulturtrager
165
What were Nazi beliefs of Weimar cultre?
Weimar culture corrupted Germany with "over-intellectualism"
166
How did Nazis censor culture?
Organised mass burning of inappropriate books and wheeled out works made by "unacceptable" with unacceptable messages.
167
What is an example of an event that showed Nazi censorship?
10th May 1933- 25,000 books mass burned with foreign authors such as Ernest Hemingway and Jewish authors
168
Name an example of an unacceptable author? Why?
Hellen Keller - Deaf, blind and disability campaigner
169
What organisation was set up to control Nazi culture?
RKK
170
What were the results of the 1936 olympics?
Germany won 89 medals, 33 gold
171
What does the RKK organisation stand for?
Reichskulkturkammer
172
What was the aim of the RKK
to control creative arts
173
When was the RKK established?
September 1933
174
How did the Nazis promote acceptance culture?
Hosted the 1936 Olympics in Berlin to produce a healthy nation and promote Aryan ideologyOrganised trips to opera, art galleries and museums as well as created a degenerate art exhibit
175
What is an example of how Nazis integrated their belief in proper culture into society? (3)
Mothers day became a national holiday on Hitler's mothers birthday In large cities such as Munich and Berlin, parades were becoming increasingly more militant with tanks and armoured vehicles public building projects
176
What as example of a Nazi public building project?
Berlin stadium
177
What was the capacity for the Berlin stadium?
Over 100,000
178
When did Nazis begin compulsory sterilisation?
1st January 1934
179
How many were sterilised 1934-45
about 400,000
180
How many are known to have died from sterilisation procedures?
about 5,000 mainly women
181
When was the first national boycott of Jewish shops in Germany?
1st April 1933
182
What were Nazi justification for race laws?
Wanted to create a racially pure German Aryan race and belief of eugenics theory in Weimar
183
Which groups were targets of Nazi sterilisations? (5 points)
those with hereditary defectsjewsromas and sintiscriminalsblack and mixed race
184
What organisation did doctors have to report to for sterilisation?
Hereditary Health Courts
185
Did Hitler immediately begin exterminating Jews after his appointment?
No, he worked in degrees towards the "Jewish Problem." However, propaganda was always antisemetic
186
What were the two ways Nazis began to separate Jews from the Nazis?
legal separationbans and boycotts
187
What was an example of bans and boycotts?
1st April 1933 - first national boycott of Jewish shops and businesses
188
What is an example of how Nazis legally separated Jews?
1933 - a series of laws were created to segregate jews and Germans with separate swimming pools, benches, etc. People with Jewish names were also not allowed to send telegrams and were banned from working on newspapers
189
How did Nazis isolate jews in german society?
removed them from workspaces and removed them from jobs
190
What was seen as a massive turning point for hate against jews within the 3rd reich?
1935 nuremberg race laws
191
What are 3 examples of the Nuremberg laws implemented?
anyone with 3 or 4 jewish grandparents are considered jewpropaganda issues to encourage segragationyellow star placed above shops jewish
192
What was known as the first large scale act of Jewish violence
kristallnakt
193
When did Germany “liberate” Austria?
11th March 1938
194
How many Jews were in Austria?
185000
195
How many Jews left Germany during war outbreak?
Only 60,000
196
Out of 6 million Jews, how many died due to Einstazgruppen?
2 million out of 6 million
197
How many gypsies were sent to Lödz ghettos?
5000
198
What did number of Jews increase to after sent from Germany?
160,000 to 40,000
199
When was the Wannsee Conference?
20th January 1942
200
When was Piortkrow set up?
October 1939
