Mussolini and the PNF

Question 1

what problem did Mussolini encounter with Italy’s proportional representation system?

Answer 1

made it extremely difficult for any one party to achieve the majority

Question 2

what did Acerbo Law Propose?

Answer 2

Any party with more than 25% would gain 2/3 of parliamentary seats

Question 3

who opposed Acerbo Law?

Answer 3

PCI and PSI

Question 4

Who supported Acerbo law?

Answer 4

liberal elites e.g Giolittithe kingVatican

Question 5

When was the 1924 election?

Answer 5

6th April 1924

Question 6

what was the 1924 campaign remembered as?

Answer 6

Marred with violence and intimidation as hundreds of fascist groups destroyed hundreds of opposition clubs and offices

Question 7

which PSI candidate did blackshirts murder in 1924?

Answer 7

Antonio Piccinini

Question 8

how did the mistakes of opposition parties contribute to Mussolini’s success?

Answer 8

unable to come up with an agreement to create a united front against the PNF

Question 9

what was Mussolini’s electoral turnout?

Answer 9

64% votes = 275 deputies

Question 10

Why did the Church hold power in Italy?

Answer 10

Strongly catholic country, catholicism recognised as sole religion of Italy

Question 11

What privileges were the catholic church given in italy? (2)

Answer 11

religious education primary and secondary schoolsChurch marriage given legal validity

Question 12

How did Mussolini solve the roman question?

Answer 12

Mussolini and the Pope signed the lateran pacts

Question 13

How many sections do the Lateran Pacts contain?

Answer 13

3

Question 14

What are the three sections of the Lateran Pacts?

Answer 14

treatyFinancial conventionConcordat

Question 15

What land agreement was the church given through the Lateran Pacts?

Answer 15

44 hectares of land designated in Rome with full diplomatic rights and controlled by the Pope

Question 16

What were the financial conventions given to the catholic church through the Lateran pacts? (2)

Answer 16

750mill lire1,000 mill in Italian state bonss

Question 17

what concessions did Mussolini make to placate the catholic church? (2)

Answer 17

catholicism recognised as sole Italian religionCatholic youth groups allowed to continue as long as they were non political

Question 18

Were the Lateran Pacts a success for the Catholic church?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

Why were the Lateran Pacts a success for the catholic church?

Answer 19

Extended the support and influence of the catholic church and sparked a renewed religious revival in the 1930s

Question 20

Were the Lateran Pacts a success for Mussolini?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

Why were the Lateran Pacts a success for Mussolini?

Answer 21

Able to gain Italian admiration as the only man able to solve Church-state relations in over 50 years, granting him overseas prestige

Question 22

What was the drawback of the Lateran Pacts?

Answer 22

Demonstrated the limits of Mussolini’s dictatorship as the absolute leader due to the unspoken power share between Mussolini and the catholic church

Question 23

Why had Mussolini felt angered by the catholic church?

Answer 23

The Peace Note in 1917 issued by Pope Benedict XV

Question 24

Why was Mussolini angered by the peace note?

Answer 24

Believed it helped spread pacifism and defeatism after Caporetto

Question 25

Who became the Pope following Benedict XV’s death in 1922?

Answer 25

Pope Pius XI

Question 26

What were the differences in policy of Pope Pius XI towards the fascists?

Answer 26

Believed that the fascists were the only wat the country could be saved from communism

Question 27

What was an example of a policy introduced by Mussolini in favour of the catholic church?

Answer 27

Crucifixes restored to public buildings

Question 28

How did Pope Pius XI help with eliminating opposition to the PNF?

Answer 28

Ordered PPI leader Luigi Sturzo to resign

Question 29

When did Mussolini announce a plebiscite for?

Answer 29

No later than April 1929

Question 30

No later than April 1929

Answer 30

When did Mussolini announce a plebiscite for?

Question 31

How did The catholic church help mussolini during his plebiscite?

Answer 31

Catholic Action was used to appeal to voters to vote yes

Question 32

Catholic Action was used to appeal to voters to vote yes

Answer 32

How did The catholic church help mussolini during his plebiscite?

Question 33

how many voters participated in the Plebiscite?

Answer 33

8.63 million voters

Question 34

what was the impact of the Lateran Pacts?

Answer 34

contributed to Mussolini's popularity as a leader and enhanced the cult of iL Duce

Question 35

what were the attitudes of the church to Mussolini's economic, social and foreign policies?

Answer 35

generally supportive

Question 36

what was the main area of tension between the catholic church and the PNF?

Answer 36

Catholic Youth organisations

Question 37

why were youth organisations a point of conflict between the catholic church and the PNF?

Answer 37

youth movements were a major aspect in both institutions to ensure the loyalty of the next generation of Italiansfascist totalitarian aims meant that a rival youth organisation was troubling

Question 38

how many members did the Catholic Action Youth Group have?

Answer 38

250000

Question 39

what year did political tensions between catholic church and PNF escalate?

Answer 39

1931

Question 40

why did political tensions between the church and Pope escalate?

Answer 40

changes in leadership

Question 41

who became the Party Secretary of the PNF in 1931?

Answer 41

Giovanni Giurati

Question 42

Who was given given responsibility for fascist youth organisations in October 1930?

Answer 42

Carlo Scorza

Question 43

what were the new attitudes of Nazi leaders?

Answer 43

more hardline in attitudes towards catholic youth organisations

Question 44

What did PNF accuse catholic youth groups of in an attempt to shut them down? (4 marks)

Answer 44

organising sportled by former PPI leadersacting as a sanctuary for antifascist policiesattempting to form trade unions

Question 45

What was an example of fascist violence enacted on catholic church following PNF leadeship change?

Answer 45

police raids?

Question 46

how did fascist violence attempts stop on catholic youth groups?

Answer 46

Following Pope's release of a strong encyclical

Question 47

What was the title of the Pope's encyclical?

Answer 47

'We have no Need' or "Non abbiamo bisogno"

Question 48

What was stated in the pope's encyclical

Answer 48

Argued that Facsisms ideal that youth belong entirely to the state could not be reconciled with being catholic condemned the attempt to steal children from Christ so they could worship the state alone

Question 49

When was the Corfu incident?

Answer 49

27 August 1923

Question 50

What was Mussolini's attitudes towards Britain and France in foreign policies?

Answer 50

aimed to work peacefully for a larger presence in world affairs

Question 51

What was an example of a smaller country Mussolini aimed more aggressive foreign policy towards?

Answer 51

Greece

Question 52

What was the main issue of conflict concerning Greece and Italy?

Answer 52

The Dodecanese islands claimed in 1912 by Italy

Question 53

What caused Mussolini to list demands to Greece?

Answer 53

The assassination of Tellini

Question 54

who was Tellini?

Answer 54

an Italian General

Question 55

What were the 3 demands Italy made to Greece?

Answer 55

Pay 50mill lirepublicly honour Italian flagGreek gov attend catholic funeral service

Question 56

Why was the Corfu incident deemed as a success initially? (2)

Answer 56

Corfu occupiedMussolini celebrated by Nationalists and elites including head of the Navy

Question 57

Who was the Head Of the Navy?

Answer 57

Thaon Di Revel

Question 58

What ended the occupation of Corfu?

Answer 58

Warnings of the League Of Nations backed by the British Navy

Question 59

Why was the British Navy considered a threat?

Answer 59

Head Of Navy warned that they could best Italy in 48 hours

Question 60

What happened to the occupation following warnings?

Answer 60

ended and put into arbitration

Question 61

When did Italy leave?

Answer 61

27th September

Question 62

What compensation did Italy receive from Greece?

Answer 62

50mill lire

Question 63

When were discussions for the Locarno Treaty held?

Answer 63

1925

Question 64

What were the aims of Mussolini attending the Locarno Treaty?

Answer 64

solve border disputes in an attempt to preserve post-war European peace

Question 65

What was failures of Mussolini's involvement in the Locarno Treaty?

Answer 65

failed to link Locarno to negotiations on Italy and Austria's borders

Question 66

Why was the Locarno Treaty considered a success domestically for Mussolini?

Answer 66

Popularity with the Italian people increased as the fact that Mussolini was invited alone meant that he was accepted as an equal to the Great Powers

Question 67

How did Albania become an informal Italian protectorate?

Answer 67

Following Mussolini's backings of Ahmet Zogu's ascension to presidency

Question 68

When did Mussolini back Ahmet Zogu?

Answer 68

January 1925 and 1928

Question 69

How did Mussolini back Ahmet Zogu?

Answer 69

through support and bribery

Question 70

how did Albania support Italy's early foreign affairs?

Answer 70

extended Italy's influence in Southern Eastern Europe

Question 71

Which European country remained as a powerful opponent against Mussolini's early territorial ambitions?

Answer 71

Yugoslavia

Question 72

How did Italy combat Yugoslavia's oppposition?

Answer 72

provided support to the croatian Utashsa and Macedonian nationalist movements for the separation from Yugoslav states

Question 73

How was control over Africa maintained for Mussolini?

Answer 73

Through the continuation of the Liberals war against Libya

Question 74

What brutal means were employed to continue the brual pacification of Libya?

Answer 74

the use of poison gasOne third of the population was killed or starved to death

Question 75

When was the Libyan rebellion put down?

Answer 75

1932

Question 76

what is the overall consensus of the success of Mussolini's foreign affairs before 1934?

Answer 76

Successful domestically as Mussolini was portrayed as a strong leader to the Italian nation, a strong contrast to the weak Liberal party's previous failureshowever, Mussolini's attitude towards Libya and Yugoslavia would later play a decisive factor in Mussolini's overall future actions in foreign affairs

Question 77

What was the original source of strain between Italy and France?

Answer 77

Italian exiles often settled in socialist France

Question 78

What disputes frequently occurred between Italy and France? (2)

Answer 78

Antifascist groups in France and OVRA infiltration of groups in France

Question 79

In what aspects did Mussolini consider France to be a rival in?(2)

Answer 79

power in the Mediterranean imperialist aims in Africa

Question 80

Why were the French concerned with Italy

Answer 80

Believed that Italy might use Italian settlers in Tunisia to control the country

Question 81

When did Mussolini work with the French?

Answer 81

1925 Locarno Treaty

Question 82

How did Mussolini try to oppose France

Answer 82

contemplated Anti-French allied with Germany

Question 83

What were Mussolini's foreign policy measures to Britain and France tempered by?

Answer 83

Mussolini's ability to achieve them

Question 84

How did Mussolini's attitude to foreign policy change for Germany before and after war?

Answer 84

Mussolini opposed the Weimar regime, this changed when a dictatorship was established in a post war setting

Question 85

How did Mussolini try to oppose Weimar before WW1? (3 marks)

Answer 85

Mussolini gave support to nationalist groups aiming to overthrow and undermine the Weimar Republic.Encouraged German gov to focus on Treaty of Versailles as Mussolini was weary of Anschlussredirected German focus from Alps to Rhine

Question 86

How did relations between France and Germany improve in the 1920s? ( 2 marks)

Answer 86

Hitler openly praised Mussolini 1927 report written by an Italian diplomat recognised Hitler as a right wing political who stood out against other Weimar opponents

Question 87

How did relations improve between Germany and Italy in the 1930s?

Answer 87

letters were exchanged between Hitler and Mussolini with Hitler vowing to pursue an Italian alliance and seek Mussolini's guidance if he became chancellor