Germany - Post WW1 Flashcards
(263 cards)
1
Q
What happened in Germany in 1918
A
Spread of democracy followed by overtake by right wing dictatorship
2
Q
What were the 6 divisions in germany?
A
regionalReligious Gender Rural/ urbanClassRace
3
Q
Why were regions reason for division in Germany?
A
States had prejudiced views of others Also allowed to make own education, welfare and other policies separately as a state
4
Q
Why was a religion a cause for divide in Germany?
A
religion influenced everyday life Church organisations could tax parishioners a percentage of income payment Catholic south, protestant northMost schools confessionalUnusual to have friendships across confessional divide
5
Q
Why was gender a cause for divide in Germany?
A
women expected to be housewivesDaily activities had gender associations eg opera
6
Q
Why was rural/urban living area a reason for divide?
A
by late 19th and early 20th century towns and cities had expanded rapidly Germans stereotypes rural life as an idyllic dream with cities as dirty and dangerous
7
Q
Where was class significant in Germany?
A
The army who also had powerful influence in politics
Most army officers also took part in local gov
8
Q
Why is race a reason for division in germany?
A
germans believed people without german ancestry were inferior
9
Q
germans believed people without german ancestry were inferior
A
Why is race a reason for division in germany?
10
Q
What does volk translate to be?
A
People
11
Q
Before the war? Which people had power?
A
Kaiser (king) ChancellorBundestratReichstag
12
Q
What is bundestrat the uk equivalent of?
A
Federal council
13
Q
What is reichtag the uk equivalent of?
A
Imperial parliament
14
Q
What was problems with military during ww1?
A
kaiser not capable war strategist Military high command ran germany as a military dictatorship
15
Q
Who were two members of military high command?
A
paul von hindenburgErich ludendorff
16
Q
When did army leadership step down?
A
October 17
17
Q
What new goverment was formed?
A
lead by prince max of BadenFormed from major parties of reichstag
18
Q
What were problems faced by new gov?
A
Huge economic difficulties Closer to losing war than anybody Still had a kaiser
19
Q
What constitutional reforms were brought in thanks to Prince Max’s government
A
extended vote to all menMade ministers and army responsible to gov not kaiser
20
Q
What happened on October 28 1918
A
On govs offical inaugruation day, the navy refused to sail against the british fleet Set off strikes and mutinies across Germany
21
Q
What were political belief of Spartacists
A
Wanted a revolution like russia
22
Q
When did Bavaria declare itself a republic?
A
8th Nov 1918
23
Q
When was new government set up following Prince Max’s resignation?
A
10th November 1918
24
Q
What was new government called?
A
Council of People’s representatives
25
Which 2 parties mainly made up the Council of People’s representatives?
SPD & USPD
26
Who became chancellor?
Friedrich Ebert
27
what steps the government take?
stop the warSocial reforms
28
Examples of two reforms introduced?
8 hour working days Independent trade unions allowed
29
When were elections fixed for?
January 19th 1919
30
What were freikorps?
Units of ex military soldiers to fight possible communist invasions
31
When did government move to weimar for safety?
January 1919
32
what percentage of voters voted on 19th Jan election?
82.7% voters
33
Who did SPD form a coalition with following 19th Jan election?
Centre party and German Democratic party
34
What are powers of president in weimar constitution? (4)
appoint chancellorCan use article 48 in emergencies Can have temporary control of armyCan dismiss reichstag or call new elections
35
who is the president voted in as?
A person
36
Powers of chancellor? (2)
appoints country ministers Puts laws to reichstag but needs Reichstag approval
37
3 features of Reichstag?
elected every 4 years as a partyOne seat for every 60,000 votes Passes country laws
38
How many votes did a party need for one seat in the reichstag
60000 votes
39
Powers of Reichsrat? (2)
Members sent by 18 landersCould veto laws passed by Reichstag unless Reichstag have 2/3 majority or more
40
How many reichsrat are there in the land?
70000
41
2 features of cabinet?
chosen by chancellor Formulates laws in Reichstag
42
When was Germany forced to sign Treaty of Versailles?
28th June 1919
43
What effect did the treaty of Versailles have on the government?
Made them hugely unpopular
44
Why did many Germans resent the government signing treaty of Versailles? (4)
thought war was wonForced to accept responsibility Not allowed in negotiationsHuge reparations to pay
45
what happened to war soldiers following WW1
Released and recruited by almost every party to form private armies
46
how long did the government remain in Weimar till? Why?
early 1920 Political position so unstable
47
Why did weimar gov manage to stay in power?
best alternative for right wing than communists
48
Why was the method of voting in weimar constitution flawed?
Large proportion of representation meant it was impossible for a party to have majority so had to form coalitions which caused dispute
49
Between 1919-end of 1923 how many coalitions had the gov went thru?
9 short lived coalitions
50
9 short lived coalitions
Between 1919-end of 1923 how many coalitions had the gov went thru?
51
how many different parties were there?
29
52
29
how many different parties were there?
53
Which party had split in 1920?
USP over policy
54
USP over policy
Which party had split in 1920?
55
Where did half of USP leave to Join?
KPD
56
KPD
Where did half of USP leave to Join?
57
What did the weimar government Demonstrate?
Failures of democracy
58
Failures of democracy
What did the weimar government Demonstrate?
59
How old was minimum vote?
Men and women over 20
60
Men and women over 20
How old was minimum vote?
61
What was Article 48
President could suspend constitution in emergency and make laws but can be overriden by next Reichstag
62
President could suspend constitution in emergency and make laws but can be overriden by next Reichstag
What was Article 48
63
When were Reichstag elections?
Every 4 years
64
Every 4 years
When were Reichstag elections?
65
Where were presidential elections?
Every 7 years
66
Every 7 years
Where were presidential elections?
67
What was weimar government election methods based on?
Proportional representation
68
Proportional representation
What was weimar government election methods based on?
69
what was weimar economy funded by?
Foreign loans
70
Foreign loans
what was weimar economy funded by?
71
Who was Gustav Streseman?
Foreign minister and chancellor
72
Foreign minister and chancellor
Who was Gustav Streseman?
73
How did Gustav Stresema keep government stable in Reichstag? Between which parties
Managed to hold a coalition between DVP, Central Party, SPD and DDP
74
Managed to hold a coalition between DVP, Central Party, SPD and DDP
How did Gustav Stresema keep government stable in Reichstag? Between which parties
75
Between 1924-1929 how many coalitions did gov go through?
Only 6
76
Only 6
Between 1924-1929 how many coalitions did gov go through?
77
What caused the rise in Nazi Support?
The wallstreet crash - catalyst for the Great Depression
78
Which party lost over 1 million votes in 1930?
The DVP
79
who sustained the most losses in the 1930 elections? By how much?
DNVP: Lost nearly 2 million votes - over half their total support
80
How many more germans voted in 1928?
4 million more
81
Why did the 1932 election nearly not happen?
Chancellor at the time suggested a two year extension of Hindenburg’s presidency
82
Which party leaders ran for presidency in 1932?
paul von hindenburgHitler Leader of KPDLeader of DNVP
83
Who had the most seats in Reichstag in 1932?
Nazis
84
How many seats did Nazis achieve in 1932?
230 seats
85
Who suggested to make Hitler chancellor?
Von Papen
86
When was Hitler appointed chancellor?
30th January 1933
87
How long was hindenburg forced to rule by decree?
July 1930 - 1932
88
How many laws were passed by chancellor?
109
89
How many laws were passed by Reichstag
29
90
What are the 4 things that the government implemented for social welfare after ww1?
soldier retraining schemes Loans until soldiers could find jobsPension payments for wounded and orphans National committees to oversee care in the Länder
91
In 1920, how many vets were disabled?
Over 1,500,000 disabled vets
92
How many survivors in WW1 in 1920?
Nearly 2mill survivors
93
How much debt did Germany owe in 1918?
150 bill marks
94
150 bill marks
How much debt did Germany owe in 1918?
95
How did the Treaty Of Versailles worsen debt for Germany?
Reparations needed to be paid
96
When did Germany begin negotiations with allies for less debt?
1921
97
1921
When did Germany begin negotiations with allies for less debt?
98
What did France feel about Germany re-negotiating debt?
France believed Germany was avoiding payment
99
What was reparations paid in until 1924?
Kind — Coal, wood etc
100
Kind — Coal, wood etc
What was reparations paid in until 1924?
101
When did Germany default on Payment?
January 1923
102
January 1923
When did Germany default on Payment?
103
What was stated about Ruhr in London Ultimatum?
If Germany defaults on payments, allies are allowed to occupy the Ruhr
104
If Germany defaults on payments, allies are allowed to occupy the Ruhr
What was stated about Ruhr in London Ultimatum?
105
Why was the Ruhr vital to German economy?
Rich in coal and industries
106
When did French w Belgian troops invade the Ruhr?
1923
107
What did German gov do about French occupation of Ruhr?
Encouraged passive resistance
108
How did French respond to passive resistance? (3)
blocked off the Ruhr w border and armed forcesSeized control of postal and telegraph services Brung own workers
109
blocked off the Ruhr w border and armed forcesSeized control of postal and telegraph services Brung own workers
How did French respond to passive resistance? (3)
110
When did the new gov call for a stop in passive resistance and begin negotiations with the French over the Ruhr?
1923
111
how many federal and regional government employees lost their jobs due to hyperinflation?
750000
112
750000
how many federal and regional government employees lost their jobs due to hyperinflation?
113
What did people resort to due to hyperinflation?
Black markets
114
Black markets
What did people resort to due to hyperinflation?
115
When was the new change in gov?
August 1923
116
August 1923
When was the new change in gov?
117
Who was the new coalition gov with?
Gustav Stresemann of the DVP
118
Gustav Stresemann of the DVP
Who was the new coalition gov with?
119
What did Gustav Stresemann have to do to save economy?
Postpone reichstag meetings and govern by decree
120
Postpone reichstag meetings and govern by decree
What did Gustav Stresemann have to do to save economy?
121
What was Stresseman’s first significant policy to regain control over money?
Rentenmark replaced gold mark
122
When was the Rentenmark introduced?
October 1923
123
What was also banned alongside the introduction of the Rentenmark?
Various forms of emergency money
124
Who oversaw the introduction of the Rentenmark?
Hjalmar Schacht
125
Who was hjalmar schacht?
President of Reichsbank 1923
126
What effect did the change of Germany currency have? (3)
restored faith in currency at home and abroad Prices settledEmergency decrees used to control rents and prices
127
When did the Dawes plan come into force?
1st September 1924
128
When did Young Plan come into effect?
January 1930
129
What did the Dawes plan and Young plan do?
Made reparations more manageable and provided loans to stabilise economy
130
When did Germany join League of Nations?
September 1926
131
What was the downward spiral?
Fewer goods sold by businesses leads to unemployment, less spending, loans, bankruptcies
132
What were german production levels in 1932?
Production levels were half of 1928
133
What policies did chancellor bruning introduce?
Offered policies of cuts on gov spending (especially social welfare) Wage cut and higher taxes
134
How brunings policiea get brought in?
Brought in by Hindenburg through degree after Reichstag rejected
135
what was the role of women previously seen as before the Weimar government?
Kinder, Kuche and Kiche
136
What does kinder, kuche and kiche stand for?
A. children, kitchen, church
137
What did Weimar Constitution say about women's rights?
'In Principle' women are equal in rights to men
138
What was the German Civil Code 1900?
Meant women could not vote, they could study for a profession but would not be allowed to qualify and practice
139
Meant women could not vote, they could study for a profession but would not be allowed to qualify and practice
What was the German Civil Code 1900?
140
what was the status of German Civil Code during Weimar gov?
Unchanged, Reichstag were split
141
Unchanged, Reichstag were split
what was the status of German Civil Code during Weimar gov?
142
What did Weimar government make women do for returning soldiers?
Give up their jobs
143
Give up their jobs
What did Weimar government make women do for returning soldiers?
144
what did percentage of women in workforce decrease to in 1925?
From 36% to 34%
145
From 36% to 34%
what did percentage of women in workforce decrease to in 1925?
146
What were challenges women faced at work?
Hostility and discrimination, poorly paid to male counterparts
147
Hostility and discrimination, poorly paid to male counterparts
What were challenges women faced at work?
148
what problems did new women face?
wage and sexual discrimination
149
wage and sexual discrimination
what problems did new women face?
150
When were women given the vote in Germany?
12th Nov 1918
151
12th Nov 1918
When were women given the vote in Germany?
152
What was the turnout of women in the election?
0.9
153
0.9
What was the turnout of women in the election?
154
how many women were in the Reichstag between 1919-1932
112
155
112
how many women were in the Reichstag between 1919-1932
156
what was the divorce rate in 1932?
65 per 100,000
157
65 per 100,000
what was the divorce rate in 1932?
158
what jobs became more available
white blouse jobs e.g clerical, shopwork
159
white blouse jobs e.g clerical, shopwork
what jobs became more available
160
what was the general attitude towards expectation of women in Weimar?
expected to settle down and get married but people more accepting of single women working
161
expected to settle down and get married but people more accepting of single women working
what was the general attitude towards expectation of women in Weimar?
162
how many women were doctors in 1925?
2500
163
2500
how many women were doctors in 1925?
164
What were new women?
Women who moved to the city and adopted an American 'flapper' style, more liberal attitudes and shorter hair, drank and had sexual freedom
165
Women who moved to the city and adopted an American 'flapper' style, more liberal attitudes and shorter hair, drank and had sexual freedom
What were new women?
166
what were examples of 2 resource shortages as a result of war?
food and horses
167
what also caused food shortages in Germany?
Allied blockages
168
what alternative foods were introduced as a result of war rations?
k-brot
169
what is k-brot?
bread made from potatoes, oats or even straw
170
what percentage of children between 2-6 were all undernourished in one district of Berlin?
0.9
171
0.9
what percentage of children between 2-6 were all undernourished in one district of Berlin?
172
what was rate of infant mortality and stillbirths?
high
173
when did the German government run an analysis on the standard of living?
1919
174
what was the standard of living based on in 1919?
cost of a basket of goods for a family of 5
175
how many districts was the cost of living survey conducted across?
560 local authority
176
why were the cost of living survey intervals shorter as time passed in 1922-23?
unstable economy
177
What did the cost of living survey cost? (4)
foodheatinglightingaccommodation
178
what did the cost of living survey not include? (2)
transport schools
179
what years were periods of full employment in Weimar?
1922, 1928
180
why were female workers still in demand?
cost less than males
181
what were lodgers?
rooms in houses for rent
182
how many lodgers in 1925?
130500
183
who benefited from Wiemar economy crash?
business owners - worker exploitation beyond 8 hour working day
184
what jobs did single parents take?
at home jobs -paid by the piece
185
what 3 things were considered part of culture in Weimar?
hikingoperalistening to radio
186
why did cultural experimentation have influence inside and outside Germany?
influence on technology, efficiency and emphasis on the modern
187
what did Bauhaus mean?
'architecture house'
188
what was bauhaus?
A design school founded in 1919
189
what did Bauhaus emphasise?
Beauty in technology, simple designs and careful craftsmanship
190
What did Bauhaus encourage?
a new way of thinking and designing
191
what does Neu Sachlichkeit stand for?
New objectivity movement
192
what did the New objectivity movement grow out of?
modern and expressionist movements from WW1
193
what type of arts did New Objectivity encourage?
matter of fact representation in life e.g showing squalor of poverty through art, books etc.
194
who formed art culture?
Artists, intellectuals, writers and supporters
195
what did Art culture encourage?
experimentation of different styles before moving onto another
196
what is an example of art culture?
expressionism which was later given a darker twist through New Objectivity
197
who was art culture highly valued by?
wealthy who subsidised artists
198
what did government subsidise? (4)
theatres, orchestras, museums and libraries?
199
why did government subsidise different areas?
to bring culture to even smaller towns
200
what was a priority to government over art subsidies?
social welfare
201
what is an example of government encouraging cultural initiatives?
UFA
202
what is UFA?
government organised film consortium of the biggest film studios which made most German movies
203
what is an example of a movie made from an UFA consortium?
Fritz Lang's silent movie Metropolis
204
what is the achievement of Silent Metropolis?
First full length science fiction film
205
what is popular culture?
Largely non-subsidised influences enjoyed by young in urban areas
206
what are two examples of Popular Culture in Weimar Germany influenced by US?
consumer culture jazz
207
what two things were still popular culture in Wiemar Germany?
traditional music and plays
208
which women's rights campaigner agreed with New Objectivity movement in 1922?
Clara Zetkin
209
what was Weimar Government attitude to freedom of speech?
Weimar Constitution allowed freedom of speech but banning of obscene publications were still made allowed
210
What was stated in Weimar Constitution that allowed banning of obscene publications?
Criminal Code paragraph 184
211
what did Wiemar government censor?
film pornography for under 16 but other arts less restricted
212
what did Wiemar freedom of speech allow to flourish?
Expressionism
213
who opposed Wiemar culture?
Right wing parties and farmers
214
why did farmers and right wing politicians oppose Wiemar culture?
worried about Americanisation of culture, influence of rising Jewish figures and decadence
215
why were education articles introduced in Wiemar government?
As education was an important political issue for many the various parties in Reich stag could not agree on laws
216
What did articles keep in education during Weimar?
kept grundschule for all children age 6-10 ran by Lander but must meet parents needs locally
217
what type of schools were introduced under new Weimar government?
non confessional schools
218
in which two years were federal school laws introduced but not passed in Weimar?
1921 and 1925
219
what education law was introduced in 1927?
confessional, common and secular schools could be set on equal footing as long as requested by at least 40 parents
220
who supported new education laws in Weimar?
rural areas in Germany e.g Reich Parents League
221
who were against new education laws in Weimar Germany?
religious bodies
222
how many jewish schools were there in 1931?
97
223
how many catholic schools were there in 1931?
15256
224
how many common schools were there in 1931?
8921
225
how many secular schools were there in 1931?
295
226
what age range was pre-Weimar education compulsory?
37056
227
what type of schools did upper class children go to pre-weimar?
fee paying schools
228
what type of schools did working class go to pre-weimar?
Volkesschule
229
what is a volkesschule?
large classes with basic teaching as kids were expected to work in factories, mines etc.
230
was social mobility difficult pre-weimar?
yes
231
when did education need to be paid for under Weimar?
above 10
232
what types of schools were there in Weimar? (4)
hauptschulereaschulegymnasiumprivate schools
233
what type of schools were Hauptschule?
5 years leading to apprenticeship or trade
234
what types of schools were Reaschule?
six year education leading to business or technical training
235
what types of schools were gymnasiums?
9 years schooling until uni
236
what exams were needed to be taken during Weimar to go to uni?
Abitur exams
237
in the 1928 survey of fathers of uni students how many were civil servants, uni educated or working class?
45% civil servants21.2% uni educated2.3% working class
238
what limited reform of education systems under weimar constitution??
Principle of Freedom meant unis carried on as before
239
why was corporation membership important for universities under Weimar?
build connections for career
240
what percentage of uni students were part of a corporation?
0.56
241
what were the corporations that were popular w upper class?
duelling corporations
242
what was the law against discrimination in Weimar Germany?
Article 113
243
did gypsies face discrimination? Why?
Yes as they moved around and did not contribute to economy e.g tax
244
were there any federal laws against gypsies?
No but there were several Lander laws passed to try and control them
245
What is an example of Lander Laws made to control gypsies? What year?
1927: Bavaria made it mandatory for all gypsies to carry identity cards
246
what % of the German population were Jew?
0.01
247
How many Jews were married to non-Jews in Germany?
1/3 of all Jews
248
who was the first appointed Jew in cabinet?
Walther Rathenau - foreign minister
249
what year did Walter Rathenau become foreign Minister?
1922
250
what happened to Walter Rathenau
assassinated
251
what action did Walter Rathenau's assassination force the government to take?
banning of anti-Semitic organisations
252
what is an example of a huge anti-Semitic organisation in Germany?
German People's Offensive and Defensive Alliance
253
how many people did the German People's offensive and defensive alliance have in 1919?
25,000 members?
254
How many people did the German People's offensive and Defensive Alliance have in 1923?
170000
255
what was an Anti-Semitic belief amongst the German populace? (2)
believed Jews had conspired with allies and cost Germany the warblamed for great depression
256
what were border problems following ww1 between Poland and Germany?
borders were redrawn leaving groups displaced on the wrong side
257
how many polish speakers were there in Germany in 1925?
200000
258
how many polish Germans were there in 1925?
500000
259
why was there hostility between Germans and Poles?
fought opposing sides ww1
260
how did the 1923 Ruhr occupation by France increase minorities in Germany?
brought units from French colonies in Africa
261
how many mixed race children were produced from French colonies?
500
262
were were german attitudes to mixed race children?
denounced as Germany's shame
263
what were general attitudes to black people across Germany?
while some areas were hostile, musicians and writers were accepted in cities
