GI Flashcards
1
Q
what organs make up the GI tract?
A
mouth
most of the pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestines
large intestines
2
Q
what are the six accessory glands?
A
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
3
Q
what is the flap of cartilage which allows food to enter the larynx?
A
epiglottis
4
Q
what are the six steps of the digestive system?
A
ingestion
secretion
mixing and propulsion
digestion
absorption
defecation
5
Q
what is the difference between digestion and hydrolysis?
A
digestion = physical breakdown of food
hydrolysis = chemical break down of food
6
Q
what are the four layers of the GI tract?
A
muscosa
submuscosa
muscularis
serosa
7
Q
what layer of the GI contains your malt?
A
muscosa lamina propria layer
8
Q
what system regulates the GI tract?
A
enteric nervous system
9
Q
what nerve helps regulate the GI tract?
A
vagus nerve X
10
Q
what nervous system activates rest and digest?
A
parasympathetic
11
Q
what is the large serous membrane of the body?
A
peritoneum
12
Q
what does the parietal peritoneum cover?
A
abdominopelvic Cavity
13
Q
What does the retroperitoneal cavity cover?
A
any organ that lies on the posterior abdominal wall
(kidney, colons of the large intestine, duodenum of the small intestine, pancreas)
14
Q
describe each of the following :
greater momentum
falciform ligament
lesser momentum
mesentery
mesocolon
A
greater momentum (fatty drape over the small intestine)
falciform ligament (attaches the liver to the anterior abnormal and diaphragm)
lesser momentum (suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver)
mesentery (binds the jejunum and ileum together)
mesocolon (binds the transverse colon and sigmoid colon of the large intestine to the posterior wall)
15
Q
where is the parotid gland located?
A
inferior and anterior to the ears
between the mass ester and its skin overlying
16
Q
what purpose does saliva have?
A
cleansing
increase secretion to help with breakdown of food
17
Q
where is the submandibular gland located?
A
floor of the mouth, medial and partial inferior to the body of the mandible
18
Q
where is the sublingual gland located?
A
beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands
19
Q
how much saliva is water? solute?
A
water 99.5%
solute 0.5%
20
Q
how many teeth are permanent? deciduous?
A
permanent 32
deciduous 20
21
Q
what muscle forms the floor of the oral cavity?
A
tongue
22
Q
what enzymes contribute to chemical digestion?
A
salivary amylase and lingual lipase
23
Q
what do salivary amylase enzymes do?
A
break down starches which break down into monosaccharides which are absorbed into the bloodstream
24
Q
where can you find salivary amylase enzymes?
A
oral cavity to the stomach where stomach acid then takes over
25
what does lingual lipase do?
active in acidic environments and breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides
26
what is the pharynx?
extends from the internal nares to the esophagus portioner to and anterior to the larynx
27
what three divisions do the pharynx make up?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
28
what is the function of each division of the pharynx?
nasopharynx (respiration)
oropharynx (respiration and digestion)
laryngopharynx (respiration and digestion)
29
what is the collapsible muscular tube which lies posterior to the trachea?
esophagus
30
what is the hiatal hernia?
part of the stomach which protrudes above the diaphragm
31
what four layers make up the esophagus?
mucosa
submucosa
muscualris
adventitia
32
does the esophagus have digestive enzymes or absorption properties?
no
33
based on the muscular layer of the esophagus, what parts are made of skeletal muscles or smooth muscles?
superior 1/3 (skeletal)
middle 1/3 (skeletal and smooth)
inferior 1/3 (smooth)
34
what are the three phases of deglutition?
voluntary stage
pharyngeal stage
esophageal stage
35
what does the stomach connect?
the esophagus to the duodenum
36
what is gastroenterology?
a medical speciality that deals with the structure soft the stomach and intestine
37
what are the four parts f the stomach?
cardia
funds
body
pyloric
38
what are the three regions of the pyloric ?
pyloric antrum (connects the body to the stomach)
pyloric canal
pylorus (connects to duodenum)
39
what are rugae?
wrinkles in the stomach
40
what is another word for sphincter?
valve
41
what is the concave, medial border of the stomach called?
convex lateral border?
concave = lesser curvature
convex = greater curvature
42
what cells secrete mucus?
surface mucous and mucous neck cells
43
what do partial cells produce?
intrinsic factor (B12) and hydrochloric acid
44
what do chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen and gastric lipase
45
what are G cells?
found in the pyloric antrum and secrete gastrin into the blood stream
46
is the oblique layer limited to the body of the stomach?
yes
47
what is propulsion?
waves of movement causes gastric contents to move from the body of the stomach to the antrum
48
what is retropulsion?
when contents of the stomach are forced back into the body of the stomach
49
what is the soupy lipid of contents found in the stomach referred to?
chyme
50
When do proteins become digested?
in then stomach
51
what digest protein in the stomach?
pepsin
52
when is pepsin most effective?
acidic environment
53
what things only get absorbed in the stomach and no were else in the body?
aspirin and alcohol
54
where do most digestion and absorption take place?
small intestine
55
what three structures are found in the small intestine?
circular folds
villi
microvilli
56
what are the three divisions of the small intestine from top to bottom?
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
57
what valve divides the ileum from the large intestine?
ileocecal sphincter
58
what cells are present in the small intestine and are able to produce mucus?
goblet cells
59
what do paneth cells do?
secrete lysozyme
60
what are payers patches?
groups of lymphatic nodules present on the ileum
61
what are burners glands?
secrete an alkaline mucus that helps neutralize gustier acid in the chyme
62
what do circular folds do?
large folds which are found in the small intestine. they cause chyme to spiral rather than travel in a straight line to help with absorption level increase
63
what are villi?
finger-like projections
increase the surface area of the epithelium
64
what are microvilli?
projections small than villi which create a brush border which appears fuzzy
65
what is segmentation?
mixing contractions that occur in portions of the intestine distended by large volumes of chyme
they do not push
66
what is migrating motility complex?
at the end of the small intestine
push chyme forward to prevent drying out
67
what breaks down / digest carbohydrates?
pancreatic amylase
68
what is emulsification?
breaking down of large lipid globules into small forms
69
is bile hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
both
70
where is bile secreted from?
liver
71
what is absorption?
passage of digested nutrients from the gastrointestinal tracts to blood or lymph
72
what are chylomicrons?
large spherical masses about 80mm in diameter
73
what are "fat soluble" vitamins?
A D E K
74
how do these vitamins (fat-soluble) become absorbed?
simple diffusion
75
what are "water soluble" vitamins?
B C
76
how does B12 become absorbed?
active transport
77
how much water is found in faces a day?
0.1 L
78
what is the terminal portion of the GI tract?
large intestine
79
what are the four main regions of the large intestine?
cecum
colon
rectum
anal canal
80
what is the appendix?
a twisted, coiled tube attached the the cecum of the large intestine
81
what are the four areas of the colon in order?
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
82
is the internal anal sphincter smooth or skeletal muscle based? external anal sphincter?
internal (smooth)
external (skeletal)
83
where would most bacteria removal take place?
large Intestine
84
what is the difference between diarrhea and constipation?
diarrhea (increased volume of water and movement)
constipation (decreased volume of water and movement)
85
why is fibre important?
reduces risk of obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, gallstones, and colon cancer
86
what is the cephalic phase?
activated by smell, taste, sight, or thought of food
87
what is the gastric phase?
hormone release to pre for food intake
88
what is the intestinal phase?
once food enters the small intestine
89
what two ducts are found in the pancreas?
accessory duct
pancreatic duct
90
describe the duct system of the pancreas
pancreatic duct is the largest
joins common bile duct from the liver and gallbladder to enter the duodenum
become the hepatopancreatic ampulla
91
what are acini?
found in the pancreas and for 99% of clusters cells
92
what are islets of langerhans?
the 1% of pancreas cells
93
what is the heaviest gland?
liver
94
what makes bile? stores bile?
produced via liver
stored via gallbladder
95
what ligament divides the right and left gallbladder?
falciform ligament
96
what is the hepatic portal circulation?
carries blood from the GI organs and spleen to the liver
97
what does the hepatic portal vein do?
carries blood to the liver
98
what makes the hepatic portal vein?
superior mesenteric vein
splenic vein
99
what makes up the portal triad?
hepatic artery
hepatic vein
bile duct
100
what are the functions s of the liver?
carb metabolism
lipid metabolism
protein metabolism
processing drugs and hormones
excretion of bilirubin
synthesis bile salt
storage
phagocytosis
vitamin activation
101
what is anorexia?
represent loss of appetite
102
what is anorexia nervosa?
an eating disorder characterized by low weight, fear of gaining weight, and a string desire to be thin, resulting in food restriction
103
what is nausea?
ill-defined and unpleasant subjective sensation
normally results in vomitting
104
why is nausea normally preceded by?
anorexia
105
what is retching?
rhythmic spasmodic movements of the diaphragm, Chets wall, and abdominal muscles
106
what is another name for emesis?
vomitting
107
what is vomitus?
contents resulted from vomitting
108
what two centres are involved with vomtting?
vomiting centre
chemoreceptor trigger zone
109
distention or irritation of the GI tract also causes vomiting through the stimulation of the _______ _______ ________.
visceral afferent neurons
110
what hormones are found in the GI tract and in the vomiting centre or trigger zone?
dopamine
serotonin
opioid receptors
111
what hormones help stabilize after motion sickness?
norepinephrine
acetylcholine receptors
112
what is dysphagia?
difficulty in swallowing
113
what is painful swallowing called?
odynophagia
dynophagia
114
what is achalasia?
lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax because of a disruption in the input from ENS or the vagus nerve X
115
what is pyrosis?
heartburn
116
what can cause heartburn?
high fat diets increase chances
or gastric distention
117
what is gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD)?
symptoms or mucosal damage produces by the abnormal reflux of content beyond or into the esophagus and to the oral cavity and lungs
118
what is two common manifestations of GERD?
heart burn
regurgitation (contents in the mouth or hypoarnyx)
119
what are strictures?
combination of scar tissue and edema which narrows the esophagus
120
what is gastritis?
inflammation of the gastric mucosa
121
what is uraemia?
high uric in the blood
122
what's the difference between aspirin, alcohol, and infection acute gastritis?
aspirin = unaware
alcohol = vomiting, distress of gastric transient, bleeding and hematemesis
infection = violent symptoms
123
what is the most common cause of chronic gastritis?
helicobacter pylori
produces enzymes that interfere with gastric acidity
124
what is peptic ulcer disease?
a group of ulcerative disorders that occur in areas of the upper GI tract
125
what are common forms of peptic ulcers?
duodenal (more common) and gastric ulcers
126
what are the two medications that are common causes of bacteria H pylori?
aspirin
NSAIDS
127
what are the manifestations of peptic ulcers?
burning or cramp-like pain when stomach is "empty"
pain relieves by food or antacids
pain over a small area near midline of xiphoid
128
what is the most common complication of peptic ulcers?
hemorrhage
perforation
penatration
gastric obstruction
129
what are stress ulcers?
GI ulcerations that develop in relation to major stress
130
what are Cushing uclers?
another form of stress ulcers
131
what is a functional GI disorder characterized by variable combination of chronic and recurrent intestinal symptoms not explained by any abnormality ?
irritable bowel syndrome
132
what are the characterizers of IBS?
persistent or recurrent symptoms (pain, altered bowel function, bloating, nausea, anorexia)
the hallmark of IBS is abdominal pain which is relieved by defecation
change in consistency or frequency of stool
133
what is the difference between crohn and ulcerative colitis?
crohns ( ucerataion in the lower ileum to upper colon)
colitis ( ulceration in the distal large intestine)
134
what is worse crohn or colitis?
colitis
135
what is the hallmark for colitis?
false urges
136
what is the name of an out pouching in the body?
diverticulitis
137
where are you most likely to develop a diverticulum?
sigmoid or descending colon
138
how do you test for appendicitis?
perform rebound test
(between the ASIS and the umbilicals, place a fingertip pressure. pain should be present on compression and spastic on release)
139
what is the difference between non-inflammatory and inflammatory diarrhea?
non-inflammatory (large volume) non bleeding
inflammatory (small volume) bleeding
140
what can cause non inflammatory diarrhea?
E. coli. bacteria
141
how long is acute v.s. chronic diarrhea?
acute 4 days
chronic 4 weeks
142
what is volvulus?
twisting of the large intestine
143
what is the most common genetic disorder?
celiac disease
144
how much bile is produced daily?
600 - 1200 mL
145
what is cholestasis?
decrease bile flow due to impaired secretion of hepatocytes or obstruction of bile ducts
146
what is xanthomas?
fatty growths under the skin
147
what is pruritus?
itching skin
148
what happens when the body gets high levels of bilirubin in the blood?
skin turns yellow and develops jaundice
149
what gives you bile colour?
bilirubin
150
how does Jaundice occur?
excessive RBC destruction
obstruction of bile flow
impaired uptake/failure of the liver
decreased con junction go bilirubin
151
what is hemolysis?
loss of red blood cells
152
when does hemolytic jaundice occur?
excessive loss of RBC
153
when is it common to develop jaundice?
at birth (hyperbilirubinemia)
154
what two reactions do people have to hepatotoxic disorders?
phase 1 = chemical modifications
phase 2 = conversion of lipid-soluble substances
155
which form of hepatitis is spread via fecal-oral route?
A
E
156
what form of hepatitis is speards via blood or body fluids?
B
C
157
which hepatitis is the most common to develop from needle sharing?
D
158
can you spread hepatitis B without showing symptoms?
yes
159
describe hepatitis D
delta virus
must have hepatitis B virus to develop
160
what is superinfection hepatitis?
having B and D together
161
what is the difference between LDL and HDL?
LDL (bad cholesterol)
HDL (good cholesterol)
162
what is the role of HDL?
transports excess cholesterol to the liver
163
what is cholecystjts?
inflammation of the gallbladder
164
what are the phases of liver disease?
inflammation
fibrosis
cirrhosis
failure
165
what organ is common effected by excessive alcohol intake?
liver
166
what are the three kinds of alcohol-induced liver disease?
fatty liver
alcoholic hepatitis
alcoholic cerrhosis
167
what is ascites?
accumulation of fluid In the abdominal cavity
168
what is the most severe liver disease?
hepatic failure
169
what is factor hepaticas?
musty, sweetish oder of the breath in patients with liver failure
170
what is cholelithiasis?
gallstones
171
what is cholecystitis?
inflammation of the gallbladder
172
what is choledocholihiasis?
stones in the common bile duct
173
what is cholangitis?
inflammation of the common bile duct
174
what is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?
long term alcohol abuse
175
what is metabolism?
chemical reactions that occur in the body
176
what is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
catabolism (chemical reactions that break down molecules)
anabolism (chemical reactions that combine simple molecules)
177
what is the name for ATP?
adenosine triphosphate
178
what make-up ATP?
ADP + P + energy
179
what two ways is ATP released via metabolism?
used to break down or build compounds
released via heat
180
what is oxidation reactions?
remove of electrons from an atom or molecule
181
what things transfer coenzymes?
NAD
FAD
182
what is reduction?
addition of electrons to a molecule
183
what is phosphorylation?
additional adding of a phosphate group to help create ATP
184
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
carbohydrates act as biofuel
functions as primary source of energy
functions in storage
framework for the body
185
What does glucose do for the body?
ATP production
amino acid synthesis
glycogen synthesis
triglyceride synthesis
186
what is the order of cellular respiration?
glycolysis
acetyl coenzyme A
kerb cycle
electron transport chain
187
where does the kerb cycle take place?
mitochondria
188
what is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic reactions?
aerobic requires oxygen
anaerobic requires no oxygen
189
what is chemiosmosis?
acts as a proton pump to expel H+ for mitochondrial matrix
190
what are the eight reactions of the kerb cycle?
entry of acetyl group
isomerization
oxidative decarboxylation
oxidative decarboxylation
substrate level of phosphorylation
dehydration
hydration
dehydrogenation
191
what does glucose anabolism create?
glycogen (stored in the liver)
192
what stimulates hepatocytes and skeletal muscles to carry out glycogen storage?
insulin
193
how much can your body store of glycogen?
500g (75 % in muscles and the rest in the liver)
194
what is the difference between glycogenolysis and glycogenesis?
glycogenolysis (spitting glycogen)
glycogenesis (creating glycogen)
195
what stimulates synthesizing of glucose?
cortisol
glucagon
thyroid hormone
196
what are lipoproteins?
allows lipids to become water soluble
197
what are apoproteins?
proteins in the outer shell that allows lipoproteins to occur
198
what are the four types of lipoproteins?
chylomicrons (small intestine)
VLDL (convert into LDL)
LDL (delivers to body cells for repair and synthesis steroids or proteins)
HDL (remove excess cholesterol of the body and blood)
199
what is lipolysis?
breaking down into fatty acids and glycerols
200
what inhibits lipolysis?
insulin
201
what do beta oxidation do?
metabolic pathway
breaks down fatty acids into acetyl CoA enzyme
in mitochrondra
202
where does protein catabolism take place?
adrenal cortex
203
what is deamination?
removal of amino acid groups to produce ammonia
204
what is the difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus?
kwashiorkor (deficiency of protein)
marasmus (progressive loss of muscle mass and fat stores because of inadequate food intake of proteins and clarions)
205
what is the entry into the kerb cycle?
acetyl coenyzme A
206
when does respiration occur?
when there is enough oxygen
207
what is the abortive state?
ingested nutrients enter the blood stream
208
what is the post-absorptive state?
absorption of nutrients in GI tract is complete
209
how long does a meal need to be completely reabsorbed?
4 hours
210
what is the bodies main source of energy?
glucose
211
where are most dietary lipids stored?
adipose tissue
212
what is lipogensis?
converting glucose and amino acids to fatty acids for synthesis of triglycerides
213
where does glycogenesis take place?
hepatocytes and muscle fibres
214
where does lipogenesis take place?
adipose cells and hepatocytes
215
what is the main challenge of the post absorptive state?
maintain blood glucose levels
216
what is glucose sparing?
when the body switches its main source of energy from glucose
217
what reactions occur due to glucose sparing?
catabolism of fatty acids
catabolism of lactic acid
catabolism of amino acids
catabolism of ketone bodies
218
what is the difference between fasting and starvation?
fasting (going without food for many hours to a few days)
starvation (going weeks or months without little or inadequate food intake)
219
what is a dramatic metabolic change that occurs in starvation?
ketone bodies become the main source of energy
220
what is the overall rate at which metabolic reactions use energy?
metabolic rate
221
what is the body's quiet, resting, and fasting condition?
basal state
222
What is the measurement obtained under these conditions if fasting and starvation?
basal metabolic rate
223
what things effect metabolic rate?
hormones
exercise
nervous systen
body temperature
ingestion
age
other
224
what region of the World would greatly affect metabolic rates?
increase in norther areas of the world
225
what are the four heat transfers?
conduction (heat exchange between molecules of two materials)
convection ( movement of fluids between areas)
radiation ( transfer in the form of rays without physical touch)
evaporation (liquid to air)
226
what form of heat transfer do humans lose most their heat to?
radiation and evaporation (movements)
227
what area of the Brian controls body temperature?
preoptic area or thalamus
228
how does the thermoregulatory work?
vasoconstriction to keep heat inside the body
release of epinephrine and norepinephrine (increases heat production)
shivering to increase muscles tone and heat production
thyroid hormones rise temp.
229
what degree does it have to be to experience hypothermia?
35C or below internal body temp
230
what is a calorie?
amount of energy in the form of heat required to raise temp. 1 gram of water 1 degree
231
what things contribute to total metabolic rate?
basal metabolic rate
physical activities
NEAT
food-induced temperature
232
what is the difference between leptin and adiposity?
leptin (product of obesity)
adiposity (total body fat)
233
what is involved I'm the regulation of food intake and increases appetite?
ghrelin
234
what does the following do for satiety?
neuropeptide Y
melanocrotin
neuropeptide Y (stimulates food intake)
melanocortin (inhibits food intake)
235
what are the main types of nutrients?
water
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
minerals
vitamins
236
how many extra calories does a women need an extra amount during pregnancy?
when breastfeeding?
300
500
237
what are inorganic elements?
minerals
238
what does the following do for the body?
calcium
chloride
cobalt
copper
fluoride
iodine
calcium (bone formation and maintenance)
chloride (pH stomach regulation)
cobalt (RBC maintenance)
copper (catalyst for hemoglobin)
fluoride (strengthen teeth and bones)
iodine (thyroid hormone synthesis)
239
what does the following do for the body?
iron
magnesium
phosphate
potassium
sodium
zinc
iron (kills bacteria)
magnesium (catalyst for intracellular nerve impulses)
phosphate (bone formation and maintenance)
potassium (osmolarity mainatenacene)
sodium (osmotic pressure)
zinc (enzymes)
240
what are organic compounds that acts as a catalyst for chemical reactions?
vitamins
241
do vitamins create angry?
not directly
242
what are provitamins?
raw materials
243
what vitamin is produced in the GI?
K
244
what does vitamin A do?
provides night vision
245
what are antioxidants vitamins?
C E and beta carotene
246
what are dextrins?
short-chain fatty acids absorbed by the GI tracks
247
what does fibre help with?
reduces the risk of colon cancer
general health benefits
reduces cardiovascular disease
controls weight
controls constipation and diarrhoea
prevents hemorrhoids
248
what are some soluble fibres?
fruits, oats, barley, legumes
249
what are some insoluble fibres?
vegetables, wheats, grains
250
what is genetically modified food?
food modified by genetic manipulation
251
what is MSG?
a flavour enhancer
252
what are excitoxins?
a form of glutamic acid that has high levels in animal studies causing damge to areas of the brain and the BBB
253
what does refined food cause?
increased blood sugar and can lead to fasr growing cancer as well as increase chances of diabtets
254
what are phytochemicals?
produced by plants
255
descibre the following:
allyl sulfides
dithiolthione and isothiocynates
indoles
isoflavones
lignans
flavonoids
carotenoids
allyl sulfides (help eliminate toxin compounds)
dithiolthione and isothiocynates (helps detoxify carcinogens)
indoles (interferes with estrogen metabolism)
isoflavones (affects cancer risk)
lignans (anti-estrogen)
flavonoids (antioxidants and hormal properties)
carotenoids (gives plants thier pigment)
256
what vitamins should men and womne over 60 take?
vitamin D
257
what two things should all pregnant women take?
folic acid and iron
258
what is the difference between priamry and secondary starvation?
priamry = inadequate food intake
secondary = diseas conditions that cause tissue wasting
259
what is the difference between android and gynoid obesity?
android (apple shaped, more common in men)
gynoid (oear shaped, more common in women)
260
what is pica?
craving non nutritive foods such as paint or feces
