Endocrine system Flashcards
1
Q
what two systems work together to coordinate the function of all body systems?
A
nervous and endocrine systems
2
Q
how would you describe the time for the endocrine system to take action?
A
seconds to hours / longer then nervous system
3
Q
is the endocrine a slower response or faster?
A
slower
4
Q
how do mediator molecules of the endocrine system travel or communicate?
A
via bloodstream
5
Q
what are the target cells of the endocrine system?
A
all cell types
6
Q
what is the definition of a hormone?
A
a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the Body but regulates the activity of other part of the body
7
Q
what are the exocrine glands responsible for?
A
products are created and secreted into the ducts that carry the secretion to then body structures
(leaving the body via ducts)
8
Q
what are the endocrine glands?
A
products are secreted into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cell receptors rather then ducts
(no ducts)
9
Q
what things are considered endocrine glands?
A
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal gland
pineal gland
10
Q
where is the thymus located?
A
above the heart
11
Q
how do hormones influence cells?
A
chemical binding to protein receptor
12
Q
what is down regulation?
A
makes a target cell less sensitive to hormones when targeting cell receptors are decrease
13
Q
what is up regulation?
A
miles target cells more sensitive when an increase of hormone is present
14
Q
what are most endocrine hormones considered?
A
circulating
15
Q
what inactivates the circulating hormones?
A
liver
16
Q
what excretes circulating hormones?
A
kidneys
17
Q
what happens to someone with kidney failure with circulating hormones?
A
excessive hormone build up in the blood
18
Q
what are local hormones?
A
act on neighbouring cells or the same cell
19
Q
describe the paracrine hormones
A
local hormones that act on neighbouring cells
20
Q
describe autocrine hormones
A
local hormones that act on cells that they’ve secreted from
21
Q
what are the three classes of lipid hormones?
A
steroid
thyroid
gas
22
Q
what are the three classes of water-soluble hormones?
A
amines
peptides and proteins
eicosanoids
23
Q
what are the three functions of transport proteins?
A
males lipid soluble hormones temporarily soluble in water
slow passage of small hormones into the kidneys
provides ready reverse hormones
24
Q
what percent of are not bounded to transport proteins?
A
0.1-10%
25
what are the none bounded proteins to transport proteins called?
free fractions
26
what happens with loss of free fractions?
they become replicated into new hormones to replenish the loss free fraction
27
what things are considered normal to response of hormones?
synthesis
changing of plasma membrane
stimulating transport
alters metabolic rate
contraction of smooth muscles or cardiac
28
what must happen for a lipid-soluble hormone to bind?
must bonded inside the target cell before any response can occur
29
what must happen for a water soluble hormone to bind
binding to the plasma membrane of target cell
30
what hormones binds to receptors within the target cell?
lipid soluble
31
what is the mechanism of action of lipid soluble hormones?
diffuse across the plasma membrane and target those receptor cells found within the cytoplasm
32
what os the mechanism of water-soluble hormones?
they cannot diffuse into the target cell
they bind to the receptors that protrude from the surface
33
what is the first message?
involves water soluble hormones
cause the production of a second message inside the cell
34
what things are considered second messengers?
neurotransmitters
neuropeptides
transduction
35
what are G proteins?
a type of the first message that helps activate second message. A very common future of secondary messages
36
whoa does the secondary messanger work?
they translate the outer message and function within the cel
37
what are the permissive effects?
stimultaneous or recent exposure to a secondary hormone
38
what is the synergistic effects?
when the effect of two hormones acting together is greater than or more extensive then one acting alone
39
what is the antagonistic effect?
the one hormone opposes the action of another
40
what things regulate hormone secretion?
signals from NS
chemical changes of blood'
other hormones
41
what is more common to hormones
negative or positive feedback?
negative
42
what is the master gland?
pituitary gland
43
what is the master of the endocrine system?
hypothalamus
44
where is your hypothalamus located?
a small region of the Brian below the thalamus
45
what joins the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland together?
infundibulum
46
what are the cells of the hypothalamus responsible for?
synthesizing 9 different hormones
47
what are the cells of the pituitary gland responsible for?
secreting 7 different hormones
48
what percentage of the pituitary gland does the anterior lobe make up?
75%
49
what kind of tissue makes up the anterior lobe?
epithelial tissue
50
how does the anterior lobe transport hormones?
via blood stream
51
what kind of tissue makes up the posterior lobe?
neural tissue
52
what is the function of the posterior lobe?
stores and releases 2 hormones
53
what two hormones are related by the posterior lobe?
ADH
oxytoicin
54
what two parts make up the anterior lobe?
pars distils
pars tubercles
55
what two things make up the posterior lobe?
pars nervose
infundibulum
56
what is the third region of the pituitary gland called?
pars intermedia
57
what is the system of the anterior pituitary system called?
hypophyseal portal system
58
how does blood get carried into the anterior lobe?
capillary - portal vein - capillary
one capillary leads to the veins
other to the heart
59
what are the special neurons called?
neurosecretory cells
60
what five cells are present in the anterior pituitary gland?
somatotrophs
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs
lactotrophs
corticotrophins
61
match the following cell to the hormone released:
- somatotrophs ACTH / adrenocorticotrphic
- thyotrophs PRL / prolation
- gonadotrophs LH / FSH
-lactotrophs TSH / thyroid stimulating
- corticotrophins. GH / growth hormone
somatotrophs = GH
thyrotrophs = TSH
gonadotrophs = FSH / LH
lactotrophs = PRL
corticotrophins = ACTH
62
how are the 7 hormones secreted in the hypothalamus?
neurosecretory cells
- 5 releasing 2 inhibiting
negative feedback
63
what is growth hormone responsible for?
growth of the body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis and elevation of blood glucose concentration
64
what tissue does growth hormone target ?
liver
bones and skeletal tissue
65
what is thyroid stimulating hormone for?
stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
66
what is follicle stimulating hormone for?
females: initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogen
men: stimulates testes to produce sperm
67
what is luteinizing hormone for?
females: stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone and ovulation or formation of corpus lutenum
men: stimulates testes to produce testosterone
68
what is prolactin for?
promotes milk production
69
what is ACTH for?
stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
70
what is MSH for?
darkening of skin
71
is hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia more dangerous?
hypoglycaemia
72
what is hyposecretion?
hypersecretion?
hypo = inadequate relaxes of hormones
hyper = excessive release of hormones
73
what is pituitary dwarfism?
hypo secretion of GH during fetal development or growing years
persons present with short stature and the Boyd appears childlike
74
would organ failure be common in someone with pituitary dwarfism?
yes
75
can you prevent the side effects of pituitary dwarfism ?
only if caught early in life it can be treated with GH injections
76
what is giantism?
hyper secretion of GH
persons present with long bones, thicken jaw, enlarge eyes and ears, thicken skin, etc
77
what is the name for someone who has giantism as an adult?
acromegaly
78
what is the role of oxytocin?
enhances contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of the uterus
stimulates milk ejection
79
what is the role of antidiuretic hormone?
decrease urine production
decrease water loss from sweating
increased blood pressure
80
what inhibits ADH?
alcohol
81
what is diabetes insipidus?
dysfunction of the posterior pituitary gland causing diabetes
82
what is the thyroid shaped like?
butterfly
83
Where is the thyroid located?
inferior to larynx
84
what hormones are fund in the thyroid?
thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
calcitonin
85
what does T4 and T3 do together for the body?
regulates body temperature
increase basal metabolic rate
stimulates protein synthesis
increase the use of fatty acids
increase production of ATP or glucose
86
what does calcitonin do?
lower blood levels of Ca2 and HPO4 2
uptakes calcium and phosphate into bones
87
what are the actions of the thyroid?
increases basal metabolic rate
enhances action of catecholamines
helps release hormones during development
88
what increases with basal metabolic rate?
proteins
lipids
carbohydrates
89
what is the name of the phenomenon that describes when cells produce and use more ATP and more heat is then given off and your body temperature rises?
calorigenic effect
90
what cells produce calcitonin?
parafollicular cells
91
what does calcitonin do for the body?
decrease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast
92
what happens when blood levels are high? what does calcitonin do in response?
lowers the amount of blood calcium and phosphates nu inhibiting bone respiration
93
what is congenital hypothyriodism?
hyposecretion of thyroid stimulating hormones
94
when would someone present with congenital hypothyriodism?
at birth
95
what two things are common side effects of congenital hypothyriodism?
mental retardation and stunted bone growth
96
what is myxedema?
adult form of congenital hypothyriodism
97
is myxoedema more common in men or women?
women
98
what is recommend for adults to take with myxoedema?
thyroid hormones to reduce symptoms
99
what is graves disease?
an autoimmune disorder where the person produces antibodies which mimic the action of the thyroid stimulating hormones
100
what are some symptoms of graves disease?
enlarged thyroid
exophthalmos (swelling behind the eyes)
101
what is the most common hyperthyroidism condition?
graves
102
what is goiters?
enlarged thyroid gland
103
what things can goiters be associated with?
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism
euthyriodism
104
what is a thyroid storm?
extreme life-threatening form of thyrotoxicosis
105
when is it common to see thyroid storm?
persons who undiagnosed with hyperthyroidism
106
what would you not want to give someone who has thyroid storms condition?
aspirin
107
where is the parathyroid gland found?
embedded in the posterior surface of the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland
108
what does the parathyroid do for the body?
releases calcium of the bones and into the blood
active vitamin D
109
what is hypoparathriodism?
to little parathyroid hormone
110
what are the side effects of hypoparathyroidism?
twitching
spasms
tetany
111
what is hyperparathyroidism?
too much parathyroid hormone
112
what condition is common with hyperparathyroidism?
osteoporosis
113
where is the pineal gland?
the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
114
what hormone is the pineal gland responsible for?
melatonin
115
what s season affective disorder?
a type of depression that afflicts some people during the winter months when day lengths are short
116
what hormones are found in the gastrointestinal tract?
gastrin
glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
secretin
cholecystokinin
117
what is cholecystokinin for?
causes feeling of fullness after eating
118
what is human chorionic gonadotrophin response for?
maintain pregnancy
estrogen releases
119
what is human choric somatomammotropin for?
mammary glands
120
what hormone is used to increase the rate of red blood cell formation?
erythropoietin
121
what is leptin for?
decrease appetite
122
what does prostaglandins hormone target cell wise?
all body cells but RBC
123
what does leukotrienes target cell wise?
all body cells except RBC
124
what things do leukotrienes and prostaglandins do?
promote inflammations
white blood cell production
fever and intense pain
activate secondary message cells
125
where is the adrenal gland located?
above the kidney
126
what are the two regions of the adrenal gland?
medulla
cortex
127
what are the three layers to the adrenal CORTEX?
outer zone or zona glomerulosa
middle zone or zona fasciculate
inner zone or zona reticularis
128
what hormone is found in the zona glonerulosa?
aldosterone
129
what is the action of aldosterone ?
promotes homeostasis and adjust blood pressure and volume
130
what converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1?
renin
131
where does angiotensin 1 get released?
into the blood
132
what hormone is found in the zona fasciculate?
cortisol
corticosterone
cortisone
133
what are the six effects of glucocorticoid on the body?
protein breakdown
glucose formation
lipolysis
resistance to stress
anti inflammatory effects
depression of immune responses
134
what is the function of androgens in the male and female body?
promote libido (sex drive)
stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair
contributes to pre-pubertal growth spurts
135
what're the hormone-secreting cells of the adrenal medulla called?
chromatin cells
136
what two hormones are found in the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine
norepinephrine
137
what does epinephrine and norepinephrine do?
fight or flight response
138
does heart rate decrease or increase with fight or flight?
increases
139
is your airways dilated or contracted with fight or flight?
dilated
140
what is Cushing syndrome?
hyper secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
141
what condition is known to result in moon face?
Cushing syndrome
142
what is Addisons disease?
hypo secretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone
143
when do symptoms of Addison's disease begin?
the 90% of the cortex is destroyed
144
match the following hormones to the cells:
glucagon alpha cells
insulin beta cells
glucagon alpha cells
insulin beta cells
145
what does glucagon do for the body?
raises blood levels of glucose and inhibits secretion
146
what does insulin do?
lowers blood level of glucose and inhibits secretion
147
what is diabetes?
inability to produce insulin
148
what are the three symptoms to diabetes mellitus?
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
149
what is hyperinsulinsm?
too much insulin in the body
common in diabetics injects being too strong
150
what is interleukin-1 ?
a substance secreted by macrophages of the immune system and is important link between stress and immunity
151
what system keeps the immune system in check?
negative feedback
152
what two drugs re used as immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplants recipients?
cortisol
glucocorticoids
153
what is a helpful type of stress that prepares us to meet certain challenges?
eustress
154
what is harmful stress?
distress
155
what is the producer of stress response?
stressor
156
what is general adoption syndrome?
sequence e of changes in the body die to stressful conditions
157
what controls our body adaption to stress?
hypothalamus
158
match the following to the stages of GAS?
fight or flight long-lasting stage
resistance stage prolonged exposure
exhaustion short-lived
fight or flight = short lived
resistance stage = long lasting
exhaustion = prolonged exposure
159
describe each of the structures responses to fight or flight:
brain
digestive
urinary
kidneys
reproductive
brain = hyperactive
digestive = inhibited
urinary = inhibited
kidneys = decrease blood flow and persevere urine
reproductive = inhibited
160
what three hormones are involved with the resistance reaction stage?
CRH
GHRH
TRH
161
what does CRH hormone do?
reduces inflammation or release cortisol
162
what things happen during exhaustion?
wasting of muscles
suppression of immune system
ulceration of gastrointestinal
pancreatic beta cell failure
163
what things can be a factor with stress adaption?
sleeping
health status
nutrition
age
time
gender
164
what four things or systems are strongly effected with chronic stress syndrome?
cardiovascular
gastrointestinal
immune
neurologic
165
what are some treatments to stress disorder?
relaxation
guided imagery
music
massage
biofeedback
166
what system is a known for decreasing blood flow?
kidneys
167
how does ADH hormone work?
decrease blood volume to vasoconstric and increase blood pressure
168
what four things help regulate blood pressure?
renin angiotensin or RAA
epinephrine and norepinephrine
antidiuretic hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide
169
what hormones are ingested at bedtime and can lead to therapist effects in BP?
angiotensin 2
170
what are the three outputs of the CV centre?
sympathetic stimulation
sympathetic depression
parasympathetic stimulation
171
what are your three body receptors?
proprioceptors
baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
172
how do baroreceptors work?
pressure sensations will trigger these
ex: increase of blood pressure will trigger baroreceptors
173
how do chemoreceptors response?
detecting change in chemicals of blood
174
match the following:
hypoxia increase H+
hypercapina decrease O2
acidosis increase CO2
hypoxia = decrease O2
hypercapina = increase CO2
acidosis = increase H+
175
what tends to happens when moving from supine to prone?
blood pressure decreases
176
what are the methods of hormonal regulation?
cardiac output
systemic vascular response
blood volume
177
what two stimuli beds to auto regulation of blood flow?
physical changes
vasodilation and vasoconstriction
178
what is failure of the cardiovascular system to delivery O2 and nutrients to meet needs?
shock
179
what are the four types of shock?
hypovolemic
cariogenic
vascular
obstructive
