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GI Flashcards

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1
Q

lining of endodermal organs

A

tube from the endoderm

foregut:
- lung
- esophagus
- stomach
- duodenum
- pancreas
- submucosal glands

midgut:
- jejunum
- ileum

hindgut:
- cecum
- colon
- rectum

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2
Q

alimentary canal - mucosa

A

epi: endoderm derived
LP: loose CT w MALT, glands

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3
Q

alimentary canal - muscularis mucosae

A

smooth muscle, thin
- inner circular
- outer longitudinal

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4
Q

alimentary canal - submucosa

A

dense irregular CT
- glands
- submucosal/meissner’s nerve plexus (autonomic)
- induces pancreatic secretions
- controls movement of mucosa and submucosa

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5
Q

alimentary canal - muscularis externa

A

smooth muscle
- inner circular
- outer longitudinal
- myenteric nerve plexus

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6
Q

alimentary canal - adventitia

A

loose CT
- if simple sq covering: serosa
- may hang in mesentery

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7
Q

auerbach’s/myenteric nerve plexus

A

in muscularis externa of alimentary tract
- autonomic
- regulates peristalsis

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8
Q

mesentery

A

attaches to abdominal wall
- contains BV and nerves to/from alimentary canal

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9
Q

esophagus

A

pharynx -> stomach

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10
Q

esophagus - mucosa

A

epi: str sq, non-keratinizing
LP: loose CT

folded when empty, expansion by bolus

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11
Q

esophagus - submucosa

A

dense irregular CT
- mucous acini, secrete anti-bacterial lysosymes

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12
Q

esophagus - muscularis mucosae

A

smooth muscle

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13
Q

esophagus - muscularis externae

A

upper ⅓: skeletal/skeletal
middle ⅓: skeletal/smooth
lower ⅓: smooth/smooth

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14
Q

gastro-esophageal junction

A

z line
- str. sq. to simple columnar
- slight thickening of m. externa: lower esophageal sphincter

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15
Q

barrett’s syndrome

A

pre-malig metaplasia of lower esophagus (str sq -> gastric-like simple columnar)
- chronic acid reflux
- leads to esophageal carcinoma

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16
Q

stomach

A

initiates digestion: enzymes and mechanical breakdown
- diff cell composition in diff sections of stomach

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17
Q

stomach - mucosa

A

epi: simple columnar
- depressions: gastric glands
- apical secretions: mucous, acid, proteases
- basal secretions: hormones + paracrine factors

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18
Q

stomach - muscularis externa

A

3 layers of muscle
- thickenings at esophageal and pyloric openings = sphincters

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19
Q

rugae

A

transient gastric mucosal folds

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20
Q

stomach epithelial cells

A

surf lining cell
regenerative cell
mucous neck cell
oxyntic/parietal cell
zymogenic/chief cell
enteroendocrine/DNES/APUD cell

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21
Q

surface lining cell

A

stomach cell, protective mucous

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22
Q

regenerative cell

A

stem cell
- highly proliferative
- epi turns over each 7 days

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23
Q

mucous neck cell

A

large amounts of protective mucous
- goblet cell-like

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24
Q

oxyntic/parietal cell

A

HCl/acid
- tight junctions

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25
zymogenic/chief cell
prod zymogens (activated by acid) - ex. pepsinogen -> pepsin - prominent RER - secretory vesicles - tight junctions
26
enteroendocrine/DNES/APUD cell
basal peptide secretion into LP - paracrine or endocrine - VIP + gastrin - present all throughout GI tract
27
vasoactive intestinal peptide
incr peristalsis of intestines - endocrine
28
gastrin
incr parietal cell acid secretion + relaxes pyloric sphincter - paracrine
29
pyloric sphincter
stomach -> duodenum - gastrin causes relaxation + movement into duodenum
30
small intestine
midgut endoderm duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum
31
small intestine - epithelium
simple columnar - in villi: - enterocytes - goblet cells (secrete protective mucous) - in crypts: - paneth cells - stem cells
32
absorptive mucosa of small intestine
incr surf area w villi and depressions (crypts/glands)
33
small intestine - LP
loose CT - vascular + lymph capillaries(=central lacteals) in cores of villi
34
small intestine - submucosa
brunner's glands in duodenum
35
columnar enterocytes
absorptive cells of small intestine - microvilli - many channels + transporters in membr - actin based cytoskeleton merges w terminal web - microvilli submerged in glycocalyx containing enzymes
36
terminal web
part of columnar enterocytes - actin - associated w terminal bars: adherens and tight junctions
37
Brunner's glands
secrete alkaline mucous in duodenum - protects from stomach acid - in submucosa - ducts empty into base of crypts
38
Paneth cells
deep in crypts of small intestine - secrete antibacterial lysosymes - can become phagocytic + APCs
39
B and T cell aggregates (small intestine)
no CT capsule - activated by paneth/M cells - pale germinal centers = B cell activation - incr towards end of small intestine (ileum) - fill entire LP in appendix - peyer's patches
40
large intestine - mucosa
absorption, especially water - crypts and glands, but no villi
41
large intestine - epi
simple columnar - enterocytes - high number of goblet cells
42
large intestine - submucosa
no brunner's glands
43
large intestine - m. externa
smooth muscle, inner circular, outer taeniae coli - terminal thickening: anal sphincter
44
taeniae coli
outer 3 longitudinal layers of large intestine's m. externa - varies in thickness
45
anal/rectal canal - m. externa
smooth muscle internally, skeletal muscle externally
46
rectum-anus junction
simple columnar -> str. sq, keratinized at outer surface - a bit lower is pectinate line: endoderm -> ectoderm - right below pectinate line is internal then external sphincter
47
anus
Superior and interior hemorrhoidal veins in submucosa - hilton's white line: lack of veins
48
digestive glands
develop from endoderm near start of small intestine - connected to small intestine through ducts
49
pancreas
dual structure: i. endocrine islets, insulin + glucagon (blood) ii. exocrine acini, digestive enzymes + bicarbonate ions (ducts) - posterior abdominal wall behind stomach and duodenum - tubuloacinar gland
50
liver
multiple functions all occurring in hepatocytes - endocrine (plasma proteins) - exocrine (bile) - detox - storage (glycogen)
51
gallbladder
stores and concentrates exocrine product of liver (bile) - when no food, sphincter of oddi is closed: bile accumulates and goes into gall bladder
52
sphincter of oddi
exocrine ducts of pancreas, liver, and gallbladder empty into small intestine - pancreatic tissue
53
endocrine islets
chromophobic, secrete insulin + glucagon into blood
54
exocrine acini
chromophilic, secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into intralobular duct
55
duct organization, exocrine pancreas
centroacinar cell -> intercalated duct -> intralobular duct -> small interlobular duct -> main interlobular duct
56
acinar cells
secrete digestive zymogens - stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK) prod by DNES cells from small intestine - CCK also relaxes smooth muscle in sphincter of oddi - merocrine secretions
57
centroacinar cells
secrete bicarbonate ion - stimulated by intestinal hormone secretin
58
merocrine glands
exocytosis
59
apocrine glands
small portion of cytoplasm buds off
60
holocrine glands
disintegration of cell and release of product
61
pancreatic injury
digestive enzymes build up -> inflammation - leads to metaplasia of acinar lobules into ductal lobules - could be reversible
62
chronic pancreatitis
fibrotic changes: cystic fibrosis - collagen/fibrosis + metaplasia - lobes still organized properly
63
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
unorganized neoplastic ductules - abnormal growth of new cells - collagen/fibrosis
64
alpha cells
secrete glucagon, incr blood glucose
65
beta cell
secrete insulin. decr blood glucose - dominate islets
66
diabetic islet
beta cells greatly reduced
67
Type I diabetes
immune system attacks beta cells
68
Type II diabetes
may have hypersecretion of insulin, as body cells become insulin-resistant - still have beta cells - resistance caused by: - decr in cell surf receptors - downstream signalling defects
69
hepatocytes
prominent: - Euchromatin (transcribing) - RER (plasma proteins) - SER (detox) - mitochondria - glycogen granules
70
hepatic portal triad
hepatic portal vein + hepatic artery + bile duct - HPV + HA go into liver - bile duct goes out of liver
71
hepatic portal vein
drains GI and spleen, enters liver - high in nutrients and bilirubin
72
bilirubin
heme pigment breakdown, produced by spleen
73
hepatic artery
abdominal aorta, entering liver - High in O2
74
bile ducts
drain exocrine prod (bile) from liver - helps w lipid emulsification in small intestine
75
venous sinusoids
in lobules, where hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries combine before heading to the hepatic vein
76
hepatic veins
hepatic sinusoids -> central veins -> inferior vena cava
77
hepatic lobules
blood comes in through portal triad at 6 points around central vein, flows in through sinusoids towards central vein * sinusoids are not straight
78
zone 1 hepatocytes
periportal, high nutr + O2 - gluconeogenesis - urea synthesis
79
zone 2 hepatocytes
pericentral, zone 3 - insulin/glucagon ratio - glycolysis - phase I drug metabolism
80
hepatocyte - sinusoidal domain
empties into sub-sinusoidal space of disse - endocrine products: plasma proteins + lipoproteins
81
space of disse
space between hepatocyte basal membrane and sinusoidal lining cell
82
hepatocyte - biliary domain
empties into bile canaliculi, closed by hepatocyte tight junctions - drains to bile ducts - Exocrine products: water soluble bilirubin, bile salts, cholesterol
83
kupffer cells
macrophages patrolling hepatic sinusoids and space of disse
84
liver stellate cells
in space of disse, make collagen, not large. In liver injury: proliferate + make collagen, decr permeability at space of disse, backing up blood
85
liver cirrhosis
inflammation: incr collagen and decr hepatocytes - decr blood flow through sinusoids -> portal vein hypertension - backs up veins that drain GI tract, can lead to venous swelling in anal canal (hemorrhaging)
86
gall bladder - epi
simple columnar - highly absorptive - concentrates bile
87
gall bladder - LP
highly vascular - loose CT
88
gall bladder - mucosa
highly folder - no organization of villi/crypts
89
gall bladder - muscularis
prominent smooth muscle beneath LP - overlapping fibers - peristalsis in response to CCK
90
gall bladder - adventitia
dense CT
91
gall stones
precipitation of bile (esp salts + cholesterol) => gall stones - trapped in draining cystic duct

caps 390 (13 decks)

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