Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Step 1 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

biggest risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma

A

Barrets esophagus

  • metaplastic epithelium in the distal part of the esophagus
  • should be biopsied regularly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

major risk factors of squamous carsinoma of the esophagus

A

cigarette smoking and alcohol use

-achalias PLummer Vinson syndrome and nitrosamine foods also increase risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pruritus, fatigue with the development of pale stool and xanthelasma

A

primary biliary cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

PPI mech

A

irreversibly inhibit H+/K atpase in stomach parietal cells and therefore decrease HCl output and evade all acid secretagogues (vagal, histamine infusion and gastrin infusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

SPINK1 mutations

A

result in hereditary pancreatitis secondary to defective pancreatic enzyme protective mechanisms ie SPINK impedes activity of any prematurely activated trypsin in the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

liver biopsy with oval intracytoplasmic hepatocyte inclusions that appear eosinophilic on HandE and are strongly PAS positive

A

alpha antitrypsin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

c282Y H63d

A

hemochromatosis
mutation of HFE gene
associated with HLA A3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

liver biopsy with dense pigment composed of epinephrine metabolites within the lysosomes

A

Dubin Johnson syndromes-defect in hepatic excretion of bilirubin glucuronides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

liver biopsy with round acidophilic bodies (pink staining on HandE)

A

councilman bodies or apoptotic bodies

suggestive of viral hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

diffuse ballooning degeneration, mononuclear cell infiltrates, councilman bodies

A

seen in acute viral hepatitis

hepatocyte swellin with eosinophilic apoptotic hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

liver biopsy with hepatocellular cytoplasm filled with spheres and tubules, finely granular, eosinophilic appearance “ground glass”

A

Hepatitis B
HBsAg forms spheres/tubules in the cytoplasm
ground glass appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tail body and most of head of pancreas derive form which bud

A

dorsal pancreatic bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ventral pancreatic bud gives rise to

A

portion of the head the uncinate process and the main pancreatic duct (of Wirsung)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

malaise, fever, skin rash, pruritus, lymphadenopathy, joint pain then comes anorexia, nausea, jaundice, and RUQ pain with significant AST/ALT rise

A

hepatitis B

ALT>AST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Portosystemic shunt in esophageal varices

A

left gastric vein–>esophageal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

portosystemic shunt in caput medusa

A

paraumbilical veins –>superficial and inferior epigastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

portosystemic shunt in anorectal varices

A

superior rectal vein –>middle and inferior rectal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

G to T transversion causing p53 mutation

A

occurs due to aflatoxins ingested in Asia produced by asperigillus flavus and asperigillus parasiticus that grow in soy, corn, peanuts
produce aflatoxins A1, B2, G1, G2 and B1 which is the most toxic
-increases risk of hepatocellular carinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

IgA anti-endomysial

anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies

A

Celiacs dz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

small intestine mucosa with enlarged foamy macrophages packed with rod shaped bacilli and PAS positive, diastase-resitant granules

A

Tropheryma whippelii
-gram + actinomycete
diastase-resistant granules: lysosomes and partially digested bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

small intestine sx, joint pain, neuro sx

A

whipple diease caused by gram + actinomycete tropheryma whippelii
-infects macrophages and provokes no inflammatory respose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

small intestinal dz

A

greasy stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pale nontender gallbladder

A

courvoisier sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pale nontender bladder, weight loss, obstructive jaundice

A

adenocarinoma of the head of the pancreas complression on the bile duct
-smoking most impt environmetal risk factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
ATPB7 on chromosome 13
causes Wilsons disease and leads to defective copper metabolism and incorporation into ceruloplasmin and biliary circulation copper is prooxidant and causes formation of free radicals which dammage liver copper deposits in cornea and basal ganglia
26
H. Pylori preferentially colonizes the...
antrum of the stomach (pre-pyloric region)
27
NOD2 mutation
intracellular microbial receptor that stimulates NFKbeta production, with mt increases production of NFKbeta (cytokin/immune response "on" switch) thought to be involved in Crohns disease
28
periumbilical-->RLQ pain
appendicitis, first visceral pain caused by obstruction of appendicular lumen via fecalith, hyperplastic lymphoid follicles, tumor, foreign body, impeding venous outflow-hypoxia leading to necrosis
29
hypoperfused areas of intestine with mucosal atrophy and loss of villi -atherosclerotic plaque in intestinal vessels
chrnic mesenteric ischemia - caused by atheroscleortic narrowing of celiac trunk, SMA, and IMA - epigastric or periumbilical pain after eating and weight loss due to avoidance of pain symptoms
30
increased 5 HIAA
indicative of carcinoid tumor that has metastazied to the liver -secretory products are not metabolzied/degraded and enter systemic circulation(as sopposed to ewhen they are confined to intestine their products are metabolized by liver and doe not get into systemic circulation)
31
microvesicular steatosis
reyes syndrome
32
centrilobular necrosis
acetaminophen overdose
33
severe centrilobular congestion and necrosis
Budd Chiari syndrome
34
bioavailability
area under oral dose cure/area under IV dose curve (if not given the same dose Ao*IVdose/AIV*Odose
35
esophageal mass biopsy with flattened polyhedral or ovoid epithelial cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, keratin nests or "pearls" between cells with intercellular bridging
esophagela squamouc cell carcinoma
36
betel nuts and foods wtih N nitroso compounds
increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
37
failure of omphalomesenteric duct to obliterate
Meckel diverticulum | -lower GI bleeding due to acid secretion by ectopic gastric mucosa causing damage to nearby cells
38
harry leukoplakia on lateral tongue
EBV associated in immunocompormised opts
39
sialithiasis
obstuction of salivary g;and due to s aureus
40
pleomorphic adenoma
most common benign tumor of salivery glans, useally in parotid gland benogn mobile, painless, cirvcumscribed mass -high rate of recurrence due to irregular margins, that may be difficult to complretely resect -facial nerve palsy suggesting will bec transformin ginto canceriinto facial
41
PAS staining
oxidizes C-C bonds, good for visualizing fungal cell wall (glycoprotein), mucosubstance secreted by the epithelia and basment membranes, In stomach can see Trophyeryma whippelii magenta
42
lab findings in fulminant hepatitis
elevated aminotransferase, proloned prothrombin, leukocytosis and eosinophilia prlonged PT due to deficiency of factor VII (shortes half life of all procoagulant facotrs) -can be viral or drug induced (ie halothane)
43
Cytotoxin B
produced by C diff cause colonic epithelial cell necrosis and fibrin deposition -white yellow pseudomembranes on sigmoidoscopy diagnosis via detection of toxin genes in the stool via PCR
44
Entertoxin A
produced by C diff causes a watery diarrhea
45
intestinal mucosal biopsy: - marked atrophy of the intestinal villi - distended macrophages in the intestinal lamina propria - collections of neutrophils within the crypt lumina - intestinal inflammation with scattered noncaseating graulomas - massive infiltration of the intestinal lamina propria with atypical lymphocytes
- celiac disease - whipple disease - ulcerative colitis - crohns disease - GI lymphoma
46
defect in intestinal mineral absorption
hemochromatosis c282y
47
retroperitoneal structures
``` SAD PUCKER Suprarenal (adrenals) Aorta and IVC Duodenum 2-4th parts Pancreas (except tail) Ureters Colon Kidneys Esophagus (thoracic portion) Rectum ```
48
retroperitoneal hematoma
likely due to pancreatic injury in BAT
49
ballooning degeneration to bridging necrosis
seen in hepatitis, from injury to death of hepatocytes adjacent lobules are bridges together with dead hepatocytes, cytoplasm swells and appears ballooned
50
osteoma, adenomatous polyps, poor dentition, fibromatosis of peritoneum
Gardners syndrome
51
niacin can precipitate an attack of
acute arthritic gout
52
pancreatic cholera
WDHA -watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria | caused by VIPomas
53
intractable PUD
caused by zollinger ellison syndrome-get gastrin production by pancreas or duo
54
diabetes and necrolytic migartory erythema
glucagonoma
55
oil red O, sudan black
used for staining fatty lipid (in hepatic steatosis)
56
basal zone hyperplasia, elongation of lamina propria papillae, inflammatory cells (eos, neutrophils, and lymphocytes) in esophageal biopsy
GERD -abnormal relaxation of the LES
57
pill induced esophagitis
tetracyclines, Kcl and bisphosphonates
58
most superficial layer where absent ganglionic cells is noted in Hirschprung disease
Submucosa
59
in tracheoesophageal fistulas cyanosis is secondary to
laryngospasm to avoid reflux aspiration | dx: failure to pass NG tube into stomach
60
main pancreatic duct and uncinate process arise from the
dorsal pancreatic bud
61
falciform ligament
liver to abdominal wall contains ligamentum teres hepatic (derivative of fetal umbilical vein)
62
heptoduodenal ligament
liver to duodenun, contains portal trid:proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct
63
gastrohepatic ligament
liver to lesser cruvature of stomach-contains gastric arteris
64
gastrocolic ligament
stomach (greater cruvature) to transverse colon-contains gastroepiploic arteries
65
SGLT1
transports galactose and glucose in intestine | Na dependent
66
GLUT 5
transports fructose, facilitated diffusion
67
serine peptidase inhibitor kazal type 1
SPINK1- impedes any trypsinogen that gets activated prematurely in pancreas, mt can cause chronic pancreatitis
68
lye ingestion
predisposes to esophageal strictures
69
esophagitis ulcers white pseudomembrane punched out ulcers linear ulcers
white pseudomembrane: Candida Punched out ulcers: HSV 1 linear: CMV
70
dysphagia, iron defificney anemia, esophageal webs
plummer vinson syndrome may be associated with glossitis -increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
71
corkscrew esophagus
disorganized non-peristaltic contractions of the body
72
menetrier disease
hypertrophied rugae, excess mucus production with protein loss and parietal cell atrophy-->decreased acid production, precancerous
73
virchow node
left supraclavicular node from stomach cancer
74
krukenberg tumor
bilateral oavarian mets from stomach, mucin secreting and signet cells
75
sister mary joseph nodule
subcutaneous periumbilical metastasis

Step 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions