GI Cancers Flashcards
(14 cards)
1
Q
How is oesophageal cancer classified?
A
- Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- Oesophageal adenocarcinoma
2
Q
Describe OSCC
A
- upper & mid oesophagus
- arises from normal stratified squamous epithelium
- precursor = basal cell hyperplasia
3
Q
Describe OAC
A
- long-term erosive effect of acid reflux (GORD) has been strongly lined to this cancer
- Barrett’s oesophagus
4
Q
Describe Barrett’s Oesophagus
A
- characterised by abnormal chnages in mucosal cells lining the lower portion of the oesophagus
- stratified squamous -> simple columnar
5
Q
Describe Adenocarcinomas (gastric cancer)
A
- tend to aggressively invade the gastric wall, infiltrating the muscularis mucosae, submucosa then the muscularis propria
6
Q
Describe the typical gastric carcinogenesis pathway
A
- normal gastric epithelium
- superficial gastritis
- atrophic gastritis
- intestinal metaplasia
- dysplasia
- gastric adenocarcinoma
7
Q
What bacteria has been strongly linked to gastic cancer ?
A
Heliobacter pylori
8
Q
Describe the genetic basis of gastric cancer
A
- 10% of cases run in families
- 1-3% are due to genetic syndromes inherited = hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
9
Q
What are most colorectal cancer cases due to ?
A
- old age & lifestyle factors
10
Q
What are some risk factors for colorectal cancer?
A
- old age
- male
- obesity
- smoking
- sedentary lifestyle
11
Q
What are some causes of colorectal cancer ?
A
- inflammatory bowel disease
- UC & Crohn’s related to increased risk
- Gardner syndrome
- familial adenomatous polyposis
12
Q
Describe the pathogenesis of colon cancer
A
- originates from epithelial cells lining colon/rectum of GI tract
- mutation in Wnt signalling pathway, causing increased signalling activity
13
Q
What other genes are linked to colon cancer?
A
- p53
- KRAS
- RAF
14
Q
What are some selected effectors of NF-κB ?
A
- inflammatory mediators
- apoptosis regulators
- cell cycle control genes
