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Module 1 > GI ELIMINATION > Flashcards

GI ELIMINATION Flashcards

1
Q

Elimination

A

Excretion of waste products from kidneys and intestines

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2
Q

Defecation

A

Process of elimination of waste

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3
Q

Feces

A

Semisolid mass of fiber, undigested food inorganic matter

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4
Q

Incontinence

A

Inability to control urine or feces

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5
Q

Void

A

Urinate

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6
Q

Micturate

A

To urinate

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7
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful or difficult urination

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8
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

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9
Q

Nocturia

A

Frequent night urination

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10
Q

Polyuria

A

Large amounts of urine

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11
Q

Urinary frequency

A

Voiding at frequent intervals

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12
Q

Urinary urgency

A

The need to go now

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13
Q

Protienuria

A

Presence of large protien in the urine

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14
Q

Hesitancy

A

Difficulty initiating urination

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15
Q

Dribbling

A

Leakage of urine despite voluntary control of urination

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16
Q

Retention

A

Accumulation of urine in bladder without he ability to completely empty

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17
Q

Residual

A

Urine remaining post void > 100 ml

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18
Q

Bowel elimination process

A

Fecel material reaches rectum
Stretch receptors initiate contraction of sigmoid colon/rectal muscles
Internal and sphincter relaxes
Sensory impulses cause couldn’t are “bearing down”
External sphincter relaxes

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19
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

Increasing the pressure in order to expel feces by contracting the abdominal while maintaining a closed airway (holding our breath)

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20
Q

Who would you not want to valsalva?

A

Post op, like abdominal surgery or mom who just had a c section
Patients who just had aneurysm
People who just got a stroke

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21
Q

What factors affect bowel elimination?

A

Age
Personal factors
Sociocultural factors
Nutrition and hydration
Activity and medications
Surgery and procedures
Pregnancy
Pathological conditions

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22
Q

What can activity stimulate?

A

Peristalsis

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23
Q

Who would have weak abdominal muscles?

A

Sedentary people

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24
Q

What do patients with limited activity often experience?

A

Constipation

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25
Q

What kind of meds almost always affect the GI tract

A

ORAL MEDS!!

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26
Q

What can bowel manipulation lead to?

A

Paralytic ileus

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27
Q

Paralytic ileus

A

When there is no sensation no nerve stimulation or muscle contraction so that mean the food gets stuck there because there is no movement.
So it can lead to bowel obstruction.
It can be corrected through medicine or increasing fluid.

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28
Q

What can pregnancy cause?

A

Bowel eliminating issues
Because of morning sickness
Eating schedule
Slowing of intestinal motility

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29
Q

What kind of pathological disorders can affect bowel elimination

A

Neurological disorders (affect the lower GI tract)
Cognitive conditions
Pain or immobility

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30
Q

What are some examples of neurological disorders that affect innervation of lower GI tract?

A

C spine injuries, lumbar spine, thoracic spine or anywhere on the spine

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31
Q

How can cognitive conditions effect bowel elimination?

A

It limit the ability to sense the “urge”

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32
Q

What can pain or immobility lead to?

A

Sluggish peristalsis

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33
Q

What is the general overall goal for the patient when it comes to bowel elimination?

A

To have soft formed, regular bowel movements
And to be free of nausea, vomiting and bloating

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34
Q

How can we promote regular defecation?

A

Privacy
Correct position
Timing
Fluid intake
Proper diet
Exercise

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35
Q

What can we do as nurses to give the patient privacy?

A

Close the door, Go chart, turn your back, clean up or go organize the patients stuff

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36
Q

What is the correct position?

A

Seated up right

*when you give the patient a bed pan do not leave them flat in the bed they won’t have a good bowel movement

37
Q

When is a good time for patients to go to the bathroom?

A

Typically after meals and some patients may need assistance

38
Q

How much fluid intake should we promote to the patients?

A

6-8 ounce glasses

39
Q

What is a proper diet considered?

A

Fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fiber

40
Q

How can we promote exercise?

A

3-5 times a week
ROM for patients on bed rest
Positioning encourage exercise

even if they are just getting up and walking to the nurses stations

41
Q

Severe constipation

A

Separate hard lumps

Dehydration, lack of fiber and exercise

(Whopper candies)

42
Q

Mild constipation

A

Lumpy and sausage like

Not enough water, fiber, or exercise

(Babe Ruths)

43
Q

ideal

A

Sausage shape w cracks

Probably get enough excercise, drink plenty of water and good diet

(Snickers)

44
Q

Ideal pt 2

A

Smooth, soft sausage

Good diet, enough fluids, and exercise
( Swiss rolls)

45
Q

Lacking fiber

A

Soft blobs w clear edges

Not a good fibrous diet
Eat more veggies and fruit
(Marshmallows)

46
Q

Mild diarrhea

A

Mushy consistency

Can be caused by stress, laxative abuse, pregnancy, irritable bowel syndrome, etc
(Pudding)

47
Q

Severe diarrhea

A

Liquid consistency

Factors that lead to this cdiff, lactose and tolerant, laxatives

(Choco milk)

48
Q

How can kidneys maintain fluid balance in the body?

A

Regulating the amount of make up of the fluids inside and around the cells

This is is controlled by hormones

49
Q

What are the hormones involved?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -produced by pituitary gland
Aldosterone - produced by adrenal gland

50
Q

When our adh is low what happens?

A

More volume less solute

51
Q

What happens when our adh is high?

A

More solute less volume

52
Q

What does aldosterone works to?

A

Specifically to control sodium in the body

Helps control of secretion of potassium

53
Q

What does the ADH hormone adjust to?

A

What we need to get rid of and what we need to keep

54
Q

Normal urinary patterns

A

The kidneys produce 50-60 ml per hour or 1500 ml per day

55
Q

How many times a day should voiding take place?

A

About 5-6 or maybe even more depending on fluid intake

56
Q

Specific gravity

A

Measure of dissolved solutes in a solution

57
Q

What happens when urine solutes increase?

A

The specific gravity increases

( the darker the urine)

58
Q

What is the normal specific gravity?

A

in urine 1.002 to 1.003

59
Q

When fluid intake increase

A

Urine becomes more diluted and lighter in color (lower specific gravity)

60
Q

When fluid intake decreases

A

Urine becomes darker and specific gravity rises

61
Q

What are some colors urine can be?

A

Dark yellow
Red/pink
Brown
Orange
Milky white
Blue
Green
Purple

62
Q

What can cause dark yellow urine?d

A

Dehydration

63
Q

What can cause red/pink urine?

A

Blood

64
Q

What can cause brown urine?

A

UTI

65
Q

What can cause orange urine?

A

Some medications, beta karatin like carrots ( would have to be a lot)

66
Q

What can cause milky white urine?

A

Yeast infection, UTI, pus that is in the urinary tract (severe UTI)

67
Q

What causes blue urine?

A

Some medications , methyl blue (used during certain testing)

68
Q

What can cause green urine?

A

Medications

69
Q

Purple *****

A

Purple bag syndrome when there is colonized bacteria in a folly catheter indication that it is time to change the folly if you see a patient who’s urine is purple

70
Q

What are some bladder incontinence devices?

A

Condemn catheter
Pure wick
Foley catheter

71
Q

Condemn catheter

A

Only for males

Probably used if we do not want to use a foley, older adults at risk for infection we would want to use a condemn catheter first

72
Q

Pure wick

A

Specifically for a female
Sits between the labia
Absorbs urine draws it away

73
Q

Folly catheter

A

Can be inserted in both male and female

Helps keep it inside bladder and collects urine as well

74
Q

Coude Catheter

A

Requires a specific order because it is a certain type of urinary catheter

For someone who is having a large prostate means urine doesn’t travel as easily down the urethra

75
Q

What are some different collection devices for urine?

A

Urinal (not often seen in hospital)
Bed side commode
Hat( looks like old nurses hat)

76
Q

Where can the hat be used?

A

In bedside commode or the toilet to help monitor urine and stool

77
Q

How can we promote normal urination

A

Privacy
Position
Facilitate routines or patterns
Promote fluid intake and nutrition
Assist with hygiene

78
Q

What are some characteristics to pay attention to of urine?

A

Color
Clarity
Odor

79
Q

What should our urine look like?

A

Light yellow like freshly squeezed lemons

80
Q

Color of the urine

A

Color can indicate some form of intake or lack of fluids

81
Q

Clarity

A

It will be cloudy is pathogen is present

82
Q

Odor

A

Pathogen can change odor as well as intake

83
Q

Specimen collection

A

Collection devices- depend on how much help the patient needs
Sterile collection process
Collection from Dooley collection bag

84
Q

What do you include when documenting fluid intake?

A

Semi-liquid foods
Ice chips
Fluids
IV fluids
Tube feeding
Irrigations instilled and not immediately removed

85
Q

What are some examples or irrigation instilled and not immediately removed?

A

Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis

86
Q

What are example of output fluids that should be recorded ?

A

Fluid loss via emesis (throwing up)
Urine output
Diarrhea
Drainage from suction or wounds

87
Q

What should we teach the patient and family members?

A

Intake and output!!

Ex. “Hey if you bring something to eat and drink let us know so we can record that”

88
Q

What do we need to use to make sure we get accurate counts of fluids?

A

Use measured collection devices!!

89
Q

What is important to do when dealing with patients we have to accurately record intake and output?

A

Use cups with measurements on them
Label which one is for input and what is for output

Avoid styrofoam cups but will not be as accurate

Module 1 (18 decks)

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