GI Part 2 Flashcards
Nausea and Vomiting
N/V Clinical Presentation
N/V Associated Symptoms
- Abdominal p____
- H______, D____ness
- Ti_____
- Di______
- F______
- ______ status changes
- Pr______
- An_______
- Abdominal pain
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Tinnitus
- Diarrhea
- Fever
- Mental status changes
- Pregnancy
- Anxiety
- If a patient has NO symptoms of abdominal pain this may be indicative of serious illness, especially if they have neuro symptoms*
- Neuro symptoms: Headache, visual disturbances, ataxia, vertigo*
Acute Emergencies
(5)
Usually accompanied by f___ or p___
Acute pancreatitis
Appendicitis
Bowel obstruction (SBO or Ileus)
Peritonitis
Cholecystitis
*Usually accompanied by fever or pain
Chronic or Recurrent N/V
- May be p______
- Result of r____ or ch_____
- G_____ disorders
- M_____ headaches (aura)
- Diabetic gastrop_____
- M_____ or e_____ abnormality
- May be psychogenic
- Result of radiation or chemotherapy
- Gastric disorders
- Migraine headaches (aura)
- Diabetic gastroparesis
- Metabolic or endocrine abnormality
N/V Physical
- W_____, t______; _____ BP, p___ rate
- Skin exam to assess t____, co____, mo_____, ra___
- C_ exam
- Abdominal exam to assess for dis_______, per_____, _____ness, ri____, re_____, m______
- M____ status, g____, C_ function
- Additional exam in children to include: Presence of t____, Urination or # wet (1)
- Weight, temperature; orthostatic VS; pulse rate
- Skin exam to assess turgor, color, moisture, rash
- CV exam
- Abdominal exam to assess for distention, peristalsis, tenderness, rigidity, rebound, masses
- Mental status, gait, CN function
- Additional exam in children to include: Presence of tears, Urination or # wet diapers
- Abdominal exam includes abnormal BS, peritoneal signs, focal or flank tenderness*
- Neuro exam includes retinopathy and papilledema, nystagmus, stiff neck, ataxia of gait*
N/V Diagnostic
Diagnostics depend on differentials
- If N/V is <24 hours =
- Lab tests may include = (2)*
- (1) if obstruction or peritonitis suspected
- If N/V is <24 hours = no labs are generally needed; Presentation, history and diff dx will guide testing
- Lab tests may include = UA or urine dipstick (SGravity), serum electrolytes, glucose, BUN, Scr, serum ketones, amylase (r/o pancreatitis), LFT’s (alk phos and AST r/o acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis) drug levels, Hcg, CBC with diff, TSH
- Abd X-ray if obstruction suspected
N/V Non-Pharm Management
- No _____ for at least 24 hours and ____ liquids for 24 hours; start with (1) (15mLs) every __ minutes
- Hydration status should be assessed by pt’s ability to _____ every 2-3 hours
- Followed by (1) diet for 24 hours
- (1) diet approx 1 week
- No solids for at least 24 hours and clear liquids for 24 hours; start with 1 tbsp. (15mLs) every 10 minutes
- Hydration status should be assessed by pt’s ability to void every 2-3 hours
- Followed by BRAT (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast) diet for 24 hours
- Bland diet approx 1 week
- Most n/v is self-limited and supportive therapy is all that is indicated; although must look at cause to dictate therapy
- No solids for 8-12 hours in children
- Advance diet as tolerated: if vomiting does not occur, double fluids every hour, if vomiting occurs, allow stomach to rest briefly and then start again
- May use glucose-electrolyte solutions for infants and small children such as Pedialyte or Rehydralyte
- Regular diet may resume as tolerated: usually 4 hours after vomiting stops
- For children, advance to BRAT diet
N/V Pharm Management
Pharm management should be started if pt is too nauseated or does not respond to PO intake, IV hydration should be started
Antiemetics in children?
- (1) for motion sickness
- (1) for gastroparesis, GERD, chemo SE
- (1) for cancer, RT, surgery (preg class B)
- (1) for migraine induced vomiting (preg class C)
Antiemetics should not be given routinely in children
- Dramamine for motion sickness
- Reglan for gastroparesis, GERD, chemo SE
- Zofran for cancer, RT, surgery (preg class B)
- Promethazine (Phenergan) for migraine induced vomiting (preg class C)
N/V in Infants and Children
- Usually mild, short-lived _____
- Weight loss may indicate an _____ problem
- Weight gain may indicate over-_____
- Any child with emesis plus colicky abdominal pain or fever >24 hours must be?
- Usually mild, short-lived virus
- Weight loss may indicate organic problem
- Weight gain may indicate over-feeding
- Any child with emesis plus colicky abdominal pain or fever >24 hours must be evaluated immediately in the ED (acute abdomen?)
Infancy: consider pyloric stenosis: projectile vomiting, epigastric mass
Oral Rehydration and Diet in Peds
- _____ to eat or drink for _-_ hours after vomiting; then start with 1 ___ (sip) of ____ liquid every __-__ min
- If clear liquids tolerated for 2-3 hours may advance diet to _____ diet and ___ liquid as tolerated
- Nothing to eat or drink for 2-3 hours after vomiting; then start with 1 tsp (sip) of clear liquid every 10-15 min
- If clear liquids tolerated for 2-3 hours may advance diet to bland diet and full liquid as tolerated
Oral Rehydration and Diet in Peds
Type of liquids that should be avoided?
Type of food that should be avoided?
Recommended foods include a combination of complex _______ (r____, wh____, p____, br____), ____ meats, yo___, fr___, and v______
Apple, pear, and cherry juice, and other beverages with high sugar content, including sports drinks (Gatorade), should be avoided since they have too much sugar and have inappropriate electrolyte levels
High fat foods are difficult to digest and should be avoided
Recommended foods include a combination of complex carbohydrates (rice, wheat, potatoes, bread), lean meats, yogurt, fruits, and vegetables
GI Bleeding
- (1) esophageal (varices, ulceration, esophagitis), Gastritis, Cancer, PUD, neoplasm
- (1) Meckel’s diverticulum, Crohn’s, Ulcer disease, Varices
- (1) hemorrhoid, fissure, polyp, carcinoma, diverticular disease, IBD
- Hematemesis esophageal (varices, ulceration, esophagitis), Gastritis, Cancer, PUD, neoplasm
- Melena Meckel’s diverticulum, Crohn’s, Ulcer disease, Varices
- Hematochezia hemorrhoid, fissure, polyp, carcinoma, diverticular disease, IBD
GI Bleeding Physical Exam
- Vital signs: postural ______
- C______ exam
- Skin: p____, e____moses, pet____, tel______, stigmata of chronic ____ dx
- Nose/Pharynx: source of _____
- Lymph nodes: enlarged in ______
- Abdomen: masses, He______
- R___ exam
- Vital signs: postural hypotension
- Cardiovascular exam
- Skin: pallor, ecchymoses, petechiae, telangiectases, stigmata of chronic liver dx
- Nose/Pharynx: source of bleeding
- Lymph nodes: enlarged in malignancy
- Abdomen: masses, hepatosplenomegaly
- Rectal exam
GI Bleeding Diagnostics
- Labs: ____ (Hgb may not reflect acute loss), Co____ studies, R____ (elevated BUN) and L____ function
- Hematochezia (fresh blood per anus) if >50yo, _____ is warranted
- Hematemesis: En_____ + B______ to r/o (1) diagnosis
- Melena: decide location first, probably ____
- Occult bleeding: do a ________
- Labs: CBC (Hgb may not reflect acute loss), Coag studies, Renal and Liver function
- Hematochezia (fresh blood per anus) if >50yo, Colonoscopy is warranted
- Hematemesis: Endoscopy + Biopsy to r/o H.Pylori diagnosis
- Melena: decide location first, probably upper
- Occult bleeding: do a colonoscopy
GI Bleeding Diagnosis
- (1): cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, alcoholism, meds, epigastric pain
- IBD sx: d_____, ur_____, cr_______
- _____ rectal bleeding: diverticular, ulcerative colitis, rectosigmoid disease
- Hematemesis: cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, alcoholism, meds, epigastric pain
- IBD sx: diarrhea, urgency, cramping
- Frank rectal bleeding: diverticular, ulcerative colitis, rectosigmoid disease
GI Bleeding Management
- Ulcer/gastritis: (2) Rx
- I____ replacement
- Anal bleeding: cause- hemorrhoids (if secondary to constipation-tx: f____ supplements or stool softener)
- (1) or (1) to prevent bleed in known varices (goal pulse < 70) secondary to ______
- Refer for ____ bleed, those who need en_____, un____ etiology of bleed
- Ulcer/gastritis: H2 blockers, omeprazole
- Iron replacement
- Anal bleeding: cause- hemorrhoids (if secondary to constipation-tx: fiber supplements or stool softener)
- Nadolol or Propanolol to prevent bleed in known varices (goal pulse < 70) secondary to cirrhosis
- Refer for acute bleed, those who need endoscopy, unclear etiology of bleed
Appendicitis
Appendicitis is defined as an inflammation of the _____ lining of the _____ appendix that _____ to its other parts
- Appendicitis may occur for several reasons, such as an infection of the appendix, but the most important factor is the ______ of the appendiceal ____
- Left untreated, appendicitis has the potential for severe complications, including ______ or ____, and may even cause _____
Appendicitis is defined as an inflammation of the inner lining of the vermiform appendix that spreads to its other parts
- Appendicitis may occur for several reasons, such as an infection of the appendix, but the most important factor is the obstruction of the appendiceal lumen
- Left untreated, appendicitis has the potential for severe complications, including perforation or sepsis, and may even cause death
Appendicitis
- Most common in ages ___-___
- No single sign, symptom, or diagnostic test accurately confirms the diagnosis of appendiceal inflammation, and the classic history of an_____ and p______ pain followed by n_____, (1) quadrant pain, and v_____ occurs in only 50% of cases
- PE: do a full (2) exam
- Labs will show (1)
- Most common in ages 10-15yo
- No single sign, symptom, or diagnostic test accurately confirms the diagnosis of appendiceal inflammation, and the classic history of anorexia and periumbilical pain followed by nausea, RLQ quadrant pain, and vomiting occurs in only 50% of cases
- PE: do a full abdominal and rectal exam
- Labs will show elevated WBC (may be mildly high)
Appendicitis Presentation in Children
=
- Younger children have (2) more often
- Exam: look for __Q tenderness, and m___ on rectal exam
- Treatment: if pain is Periumbilical, you may _____ the pt in __ hours in the clinic or ER, depending on the patient and family
The younger child is irritable, lies still, quiet with flexed hips
- Younger children have perforation and peritonitis more often
- Exam: look for RLQ tenderness, and mass on rectal exam
- Treatment: if pain is Periumbilical, you may re-evaluate the pt in 4 hours in the clinic or ER, depending on the patient and family
Appendicitis Provocative Tests
(2)
Psoas and Obturator Sign
Psoas Sign
=
What indicates a positive sign?
Pain on passive extension of the right thigh. Patient lies on left side. Examiner extends patient’s right thigh while applying counter resistance to the right hip.
Place your hand above the patient’s right knee. Ask the patient to flex the right hip against resistance.
Increased abdominal pain indicates a positive psoas sign
Obturator Sign
=
What indicates a positive sign?
Raise the patient’s right leg with the knee flexed. Rotate the leg internally at the hip.
Increased abdominal pain indicates a positive obturator sign.
Appendicitis Diagnostics
(2)*
- Diagnosis of acute appendicitis is suggested by the (1)
- CBC with diff (1) supports diagnosis
- U__, Beta ____, QN
- Imaging (1) or US if indicated
WBC and CT*
- Diagnosis of acute appendicitis is suggested by the H&P
- CBC with diff (WBC 10,000-16,000 supports diagnosis)
- UA, Beta HCG, QN
- CT scan or US if indicated