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Year 3 > GI Path > Flashcards

GI Path Flashcards

1
Q

What epithelium is present in the oral cavity (excluding lips)?

A

Squamous

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2
Q

What epithelium is present in the tongue?

A

Squamous, not keratinised, papillae

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3
Q

What causes neurogenic atrophy of lingual muscles?

A

Damage to Hypoglossal nerve eg horse with Gutteral pouch mycosis

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4
Q

Give some causes of atrophy of an organ or tissue

A

Starvation (lack of nutrients)
Lack of blood supply
Lack of innervation (muscle) eg nerve damage
Disuse eg muscle
Pressure eg neoplasia
Loss of hormonal stimulation (eg testicular atrophy)

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5
Q

Give some potential causes of cyanosis

A

Uraemia, nitrate poisoning, bluetongue

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6
Q

Give some potential causes of petechial/ecchymotic haemorrhage in the mouth

A

Clotting defect, septicaemia, intoxication

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7
Q

Give some causes of gingivitis

A

Poor oral hygiene
Opportunistic bacterial infections
Gingival trauma
Immunodeficiency (cats with FIV)

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8
Q

What is stomatitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips

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9
Q

Describe necrobacillosis

A

Caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum (commensal in GIT, opportunistic pathogen)
Invasion and colonisation of damaged mucosa (trauma, viral infection, erupting teeth)
Toxins -> extensive necrosis
Cattle: ‘calf diphtheria’: pharyngitis, laryngitis, stomatitis

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10
Q

Describe ‘wooden tongue’ in cattle

A

Agent: Actinobacillus lignieresi (normal bacteria of oral mucosa, opportunistic pathogen)
Invasion and colonisation of damaged mucosa
Pyogranulomatous inflammation with extensive fibrosis and abscess formation

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11
Q

What is the infectious agent that causes Bluetongue?

A

Orbivirus

Vector: Culicoides spp (midges)

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12
Q

Give the pathogenesis of Bluetongue

A

Insect bite -> viraemia and infection of endothelial cells -> endothelial damage, microthrombi, haemorrhages, ischaemic necrosis

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13
Q

What epithelium is present in the lips?

A

Squamous, keratinised

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14
Q

Give some clinical signs of Bluetongue in sheep

A

Mouth ulcers
Discharge of mucous and drooling from mouth and nose
Hyperaemia/oedema of oral and nasal mucosa
Cyanosis of tongue
Stomatitis
Ischaemic necrosis of oral epithelium

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15
Q

Give the clinical signs of foot and mouth disease

A

Ulcers on tongue, lips, palate, skin near coronary band adjacent to interdigital space, ruminal mucosa

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16
Q

What is the route of infection for FMD? (Foot and mouth disease)

A

Aerosol

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17
Q

Give the pathogenesis of foot and mouth disease

A

Virus has a tropism for squamous epithelial cells

  • > Ballooning degeneration of cells
  • > Cells detach
  • > Oedema and fibrin fill spaces: vesicle
  • > Vesicles coalesce: bullae
  • > Erosions/ ulcers
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18
Q

Describe bovine viral diarrhoeal disease

A

Caused by a pestivirus, BVDV type 1
Acute diarrhoea and rhinitis
Cause of erosive and ulcerative stomatitis
Erosions and flat ulcers (sharply demarcated) on oral mucosa and muzzle, and in oesophageal, abomasal and intestinal mucosa

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19
Q

Describe malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)

A

Cause of erosive and ulcerative stomatitis in cattle
Due to ovine herpes virus type 2 or alcephaline herpes virus type 1
Erosions in oral, oesophageal, abomasal, and intestinal mucosa
Often associated with conjunctivitis and keratitis

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20
Q

Which two viruses cause erosive and ulcerative stomatitis in cats?

A

Feline calicivirus
Feline herpes virus (feline viral rhinotracheitis)

Ulcers on tongues, both look the same

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21
Q

What is Candida albicans?

What kind of animals does it affect?

A

Fungus
Young suckling animals when immunocompromised or in poor hygiene conditions
Immunocompromised adults

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22
Q

Which parasitic infections cause stomatitis, oral ulceration and glossitis?

A

Cysticercus cellulosae in lingual muscle (pigs): larvae of Taenia solium (tapeworm)
Cysticercus bovis in lingual muscle (cattle): large of Taenia saginata
Trichinella spiralis (viviparus nematode) and sarcosporidia (protozoa) in lingual muscle

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23
Q

What is an epulis?

A

Tumour-like enlargement situated on the gingival or alveolar mucosa
Benign
Derived from periodontal ligament or connective tissue
Subtypes:
-Fibromatous epulis: expansile, no invasion, composed of fibroblasts and collagen
-Ossifying epulis: fibromatous but with bone formation
-Acanthomatous epulis: contains stratified epithelium, invades underlying bone

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24
Q

Describe a squamous cell carcinoma

A

Derived from squamous epithelium
Malignant, common in cats and dogs
Frequent invasion of adjacent soft tissue, skeletal muscle and bone
Metastasis to regional lymph nodes

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25
Q

Describe a melanoma

A

Malignant
Derived from melanocytes in pigmented mucosa
Most common oral cavity malignant neoplasm in dogs
Highly invasive

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26
Q

Describe a fibrosarcoma

A

Derived from fibrous connective tissue (if mouth: often buccal mucosa)
Frequent invasion of underlying connective tissue, skeletal muscle, bone
Widespread metastases

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27
Q

What is attrition?

A

Abnormal tooth wear

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28
Q

Describe an odontogenic tumour

A

Arise from epithelial / mesenchymal tissue that (embryologically) gives rise to teeth
Eg Ameloblastoma
Dog
Arises deep within mandible or maxilla
Solid or cystic masses within gingiva, teeth are loose or missing

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29
Q

Describe an odontoma

A

Dental malformation rather than true neoplasm

1) complex odontoma: all normal tissue elements of tooth, but malformed
2) compound odontoma: masses of toothlike tissue, but abnormally arranged

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30
Q

What are sioliths?

A

Salivary calculi
Formed in duct or gland itself
Result of chronic inflammation or foreign bodies

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31
Q

What are ranula?

A

Cysts of the sublingual duct
Often located in tongue frenulum
Due to dilation and secretion with occluded duct

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32
Q

Describe the tunica muscular (muscular layer) of the oesophagus in:
Dogs and ruminants
Pigs
Cat and horses

A

Dog, ruminants: striated muscle
Pig: striated muscle except for short distance in front of stomach
Cat, horse: striated muscle along 2/3

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33
Q

How does compression of the oesophagus occur?

A

Due to masses in adjacent tissues eg neoplasia in lymph nodes

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34
Q

How do strictures of the oesophagus occur?

A

Mainly in dogs
Mainly due to persistence of right aortic arch
Oesophagus gets trapped between aorta, pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus botalli (patent ductus arteriosus)
Shrinkage of patent ductus arteriosus can cause stricture

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35
Q

Give some clinical signs of a dog with persistent right aortic arch
Why do these happen?

A

Dog is thin and emaciated
Regurgitation of solid undigested food
Ravenous appetite
Aspiration pneumonia sometimes -> coughing, increased heart rate, heavy breathing

Right aortic arch develops instead of left aortic arch that would usually become the permanent aorta. Oesophagus becomes compressed at level of base of heart -> prevents food being able to pass past the compression -> megaoesophagus -> regurgitation

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36
Q

Obstruction of the oesophagus is usually due to what?

A

Foreign bodies

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37
Q

Which dog species are more prone to congenital megaoesophagus?

A

Great Dane, German Shepherd, Irish setter

Defect in distension-sensitive reflex that coordinates oesophageal function

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38
Q

Give some causes of acquired megaoesophagus in dogs

A 
Secondary to disorders disrupting the neural reflex involved in swallowing:
Canine distemper 
Neuronal storage diseases
Neoplasia 
Botulism 
Lead poisoning 
Myasthenia gravis (most common)
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39
Q

Describe Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune disease: auto-antibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (interfere with neuromuscular innervation)
General muscle weakness
Most common cause of acquired megaoesophagus

40
Q

Which parasite can cause oesophageal neoplasms in dogs?

A

Spinocerca lupi
Nematode
Main tumour = fibrosarcoma

41
Q

Which type of neoplasm is found in the oesophagus of cattle?

A

Papilloma (bovine papilloma virus type 4)

Can also be in oral cavity, pharynx, rumen

42
Q

What epithelium is present in the rumen?

A

Stratified squamous

Papillae

43
Q

The lining of which part of a bovine stomach is in a hexagonal honeycomb pattern?

A

Reticulum

44
Q

The rumen is palpable on which side of a cow?

A

Left

45
Q

The omasum and abomasum are present on which side of the cow?

A

Right

46
Q

Why do ruminants need over 15% roughage in their diet?

A

If they have

47
Q

What is ruminal tympany?

A

Accumulation of excessive quantities of gas with impairment of normal eructation -> distension of rumen
If severe = emergency due to increased abdominal pressure -> decreased venous return and hypovolaemic shock
Gas is mainly CH4 and CO2
Two types of bloat: frothy bloat (gas dispersed as small bubbles), free gas bloat (due to physical obstruction)

48
Q

Ruminal acidosis is caused by what?

Give the pathogenesis

A

Abrupt change of diet (eg sudden large quantities of highly fermentable carbohydrates)
Increased production of volatile fatty acids -> loss of ruminal tone
Drop in ruminal pH
Proliferation of Lactobacillus acidophilus
Death when pH chemical rumenitis and reticulitis
Secondary infection -> mycotic rumenitis

49
Q

Describe traumatic reticulitis/peritonitis

A

Cow swallows foreign material eg wire
Foreign body perforates reticulum
Results in chronic peritonitis and pericarditis

50
Q

Gastric dilation and volvulus occurs in which kinds of dogs?

Give some predisposing factors

A

Deep-chested breeds eg great dane, st Bernard
Predisposing factors:
Increased laxity of hepatogastric ligament
Diet of small food particles
Associates with excess eating and aerophagia (swallowing air)

51
Q

How does gastric dilation and volvulus occur?

A

Gastric dilation occurs due to aerophagia and food/fluid in stomach
Gastric volvulus: stomach rotates 360 degrees on long axis -> pylorus and terminal duodenum become compressed between oesophagus and dilated stomach
Spleen moves with gastrosplenic ligament
Oesophagus is completely occluded

52
Q

Give some negative sequelae to gastric dilation and volvulus

A

Gastric haemorrhagic infarction
Decreased venous return, decreased cardiac output, arterial hypotension (low blood pressure), decreased renal function -> shock

53
Q

When does abomasal displacement tend to occur?

A

Older dairy cows: time of parturition
Often with ketosis, hypocalcaemia, metritis, retained placenta etc
Cause unknown

54
Q

Which species does Gastrophilus larvae affect?

A

Horses
(Larvae of bot flies)
Eggs deposited on hair -> hatch -> penetrate oral mucosa -> molt -> emerge and migrate down alimentary tract -> attach to squamous mucosa -> induce erosions

55
Q

What is allotriophagia?

A

Having food cravings different from expected/ the norm

56
Q

What are trichobezoars?

A

Mass found entrapped in GI system formed from hair

57
Q

What is catarrhal inflammation?

A

Serous inflammation on mucosal and serosal surfaces

58
Q

Describe acute catarrhal gastritis

A

Increased reddening and thickening of entire surface/ parts of mucosa
Increased mucous production

59
Q

Give some causes of acute catarrhal gastritis

A

Poisons
Infectious diseases
Parasites

60
Q

In which direction does abomasal displacement tend to occur?

A

From right to left side of abdomen

61
Q

Give some causes of acute haemorrhagic gastritis

A

Poisons
Infectious diseases (eg leptospirosis, anthrax)
NSAIDS

62
Q

What is Braxy?

A

Acute haemorrhagic gastritis in sheep and calves in cold climates
Due to Clostridium septicum enterotoxin
Severe oedema and emphysema in submucosa, haemorrhage, venous thrombosis

63
Q

When might uraemia be seen with gastritis?

A

Chronic renal failure

64
Q

Fibrino-necrotising gastritis is caused by what?

A

Mycotic infection

65
Q

Gastric ulcers are usually seen in which part of the horses stomach?

A

Non-glandular squamous portion

66
Q

Gastric ulcers are usually seen in which part of the cows stomach?

A

Pylorus

67
Q

Gastric rupture is most common in which species?

A

Horse

68
Q

How does gastric rupture occur?

A

Dilation, usually along greater curvature (most dilation and least elasticity)
Serosal tear -> muscularis -> mucosa
Death within a few hours
Can be primary, secondary or idiopathic:
Primary: after consumption of excessive carbohydrates -> production of VFAs, food engorgement, excessive water intake, Gasterophilus infestation
Secondary: dilation resulting from SI obstruction, right dorsal displacement of colon around caecum

69
Q

Describe GI adenocarcinomas in dogs

A

Pyloric antrum along lesser curvature of stomach
Arise from epithelium of glandular mucosa
Locally widespread, invasive growth
Superficial ulceration
Metastases to regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs

70
Q

What is atresia?

A

Congenital absence or pathological closure of an opening/passage/cavity

71
Q

Anal and rectal atresia is most common in which species?

A

Piglets

Failure in development of anal opening

72
Q

How does megacolon occur?

A

Aplasia of neurons in large intestinal myenteric ganglia -> lack of peristalsis -> colon fills up

Can also be idiopathic

73
Q

How may the intestines become misaligned?

A

Herniation (protrusion through an opening in the surrounding walls)
Intussusception
Volvulus (twisting -> obstruction)

74
Q

Give the 3 primary types of herniation

A

Diaphragmatic hernia: displacement of omentum, stomach, SI, spleen, liver into thoracic cavity. Compression -> pulmonary atelectasis
Herniation of SI into epiploic foramen
Inguinal hernia

75
Q

What is intussusception?

A

‘Telescoping’ of one segment of intestine into another
Dog: mainly SI (parvovirus, distemper)
Horse: mainly ileum into caecum (due to tapeworm infestation)

76
Q

What is volvulus?

A

Twist at root of mesenteric attachment

77
Q

What are the consequences of intestinal misalignment?

A

Occlusion of veins -> persistence of arterial blood supply but no drainage -> increased blood pressure and hypoxic damage -> fragile capillaries -> haemorrhage, necrosis and haemorrhagic infarction

78
Q

What are enteroliths?

A

Mineral concretion formed in GI tract, composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate salts
Sometimes form around a small foreign object

79
Q

What is grass sickness?

A

Horses: necrosis and loss of neurons in sympathetic ganglia -> functional paralysis
Primary dysautonomia
Clostridium botulinum suspected cause
Stomach and SI filled with watery food contents

80
Q

Why do enterotoxic e.coli and salmonella result in hypersecretory diarrhoea?

A

Secretion of electrolytes due to enterotoxins

81
Q

How do rotavirus, coronavirus and Cryptosporidium cause malabsorptive diarrhoea?

A

They reduce the reabsorbtive area by causing loss of villous epithelial cells and villous atrophy

82
Q

Describe viral catarrhal enteritis

A

Mainly young animals
Villous atrophy
Vomiting, malabsorptive diarrhoea, dehydration
Coronavirus, rotavirus, parvovirus- crypt loss

83
Q

Give some bacterial causes of catarrhal enteritis

A

Enterotoxic e.coli (ETEC)
Enteropathogenic e.coli (EPEC)
Septicaemia

84
Q

How does Lawsonia intracellularis spread in the mucosa of pigs?

A 
Infection of basal crypt enterocytes
Propagation up villus through cell division 
Extrusion of infected cells
Degenerate cells release bacteria 
Infection of other crypt cells
85
Q

Whata re the two disease forms of porcine proliferative enteropathy?

A

1) intestinal adenomatosis (adenomas mainly in ileum)

2) proliferative haemorrhagic enteritis

86
Q

What causes anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

87
Q

Gives bacterial cause of haemorrhagic enteritis

A

Anthrax (bacillus anthracis)

88
Q

What causes paratuberculosis?

Hoe does it affect the intestines?

A

Caused by Mycobacerium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis
(Johnes disease)
Ruminants, esp calves
Oral/intrauterine infection -> macrophages in mucosa and GALT -> chronic lesions in terminal ileum -> granulomatous inflammation: macrophages, giant cells containing acid-fast bacteria

89
Q

Give some clinical signs of malabsorptive syndrome in dogs

A

Persistent v/d
Wright loss
Loose fatty faeces (steatorrhea)

90
Q

Give some causes of malabsorptive syndrome

A

Pancreatic enzyme insufficiency -> Maldigestion (GSDs)

Acute and chronic enteritis

91
Q

What is lymphangectasia?

A

Dilated lymphatic vessels

Seen in protein-losing enteropathy

92
Q

Give some causes of ischaemia of the intestines

A

Shock (dog)
Misalignment
Thrombosis of intestinal arteries with embolus formation (horse: strongylus vulgaris)

93
Q

What is the function of the caecum in the horse?

A

Main site of microbial fermentation

94
Q

How does coccidiosis affect the intestine?

A

Causes chronic catarrhal enteritis, infects epithelial cells

95
Q

Why are cestodes?

A

Flat tapeworms

96
Q

Where do cyathostomes reside in the horse?

A

L3 reside in wall of colonic mucosa and caecum

They induce granulomas

97
Q

How would you identify cyathostomiasis in a horse intestine?

A

Mucosal folds are swollen (oedema)

Abundant reddish-brown foci represent embedded larvae

Year 3 (28 decks)

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