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GI Path Flashcards

1
Q

What epithelium is present in the oral cavity (excluding lips)?

A

Squamous

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2
Q

What epithelium is present in the tongue?

A

Squamous, not keratinised, papillae

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3
Q

What causes neurogenic atrophy of lingual muscles?

A

Damage to Hypoglossal nerve eg horse with Gutteral pouch mycosis

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4
Q

Give some causes of atrophy of an organ or tissue

A

Starvation (lack of nutrients)
Lack of blood supply
Lack of innervation (muscle) eg nerve damage
Disuse eg muscle
Pressure eg neoplasia
Loss of hormonal stimulation (eg testicular atrophy)

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5
Q

Give some potential causes of cyanosis

A

Uraemia, nitrate poisoning, bluetongue

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6
Q

Give some potential causes of petechial/ecchymotic haemorrhage in the mouth

A

Clotting defect, septicaemia, intoxication

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7
Q

Give some causes of gingivitis

A

Poor oral hygiene
Opportunistic bacterial infections
Gingival trauma
Immunodeficiency (cats with FIV)

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8
Q

What is stomatitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips

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9
Q

Describe necrobacillosis

A

Caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum (commensal in GIT, opportunistic pathogen)
Invasion and colonisation of damaged mucosa (trauma, viral infection, erupting teeth)
Toxins -> extensive necrosis
Cattle: ‘calf diphtheria’: pharyngitis, laryngitis, stomatitis

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10
Q

Describe ‘wooden tongue’ in cattle

A

Agent: Actinobacillus lignieresi (normal bacteria of oral mucosa, opportunistic pathogen)
Invasion and colonisation of damaged mucosa
Pyogranulomatous inflammation with extensive fibrosis and abscess formation

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11
Q

What is the infectious agent that causes Bluetongue?

A

Orbivirus

Vector: Culicoides spp (midges)

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12
Q

Give the pathogenesis of Bluetongue

A

Insect bite -> viraemia and infection of endothelial cells -> endothelial damage, microthrombi, haemorrhages, ischaemic necrosis

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13
Q

What epithelium is present in the lips?

A

Squamous, keratinised

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14
Q

Give some clinical signs of Bluetongue in sheep

A

Mouth ulcers
Discharge of mucous and drooling from mouth and nose
Hyperaemia/oedema of oral and nasal mucosa
Cyanosis of tongue
Stomatitis
Ischaemic necrosis of oral epithelium

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15
Q

Give the clinical signs of foot and mouth disease

A

Ulcers on tongue, lips, palate, skin near coronary band adjacent to interdigital space, ruminal mucosa

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16
Q

What is the route of infection for FMD? (Foot and mouth disease)

A

Aerosol

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17
Q

Give the pathogenesis of foot and mouth disease

A

Virus has a tropism for squamous epithelial cells

  • > Ballooning degeneration of cells
  • > Cells detach
  • > Oedema and fibrin fill spaces: vesicle
  • > Vesicles coalesce: bullae
  • > Erosions/ ulcers
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18
Q

Describe bovine viral diarrhoeal disease

A

Caused by a pestivirus, BVDV type 1
Acute diarrhoea and rhinitis
Cause of erosive and ulcerative stomatitis
Erosions and flat ulcers (sharply demarcated) on oral mucosa and muzzle, and in oesophageal, abomasal and intestinal mucosa

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19
Q

Describe malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)

A

Cause of erosive and ulcerative stomatitis in cattle
Due to ovine herpes virus type 2 or alcephaline herpes virus type 1
Erosions in oral, oesophageal, abomasal, and intestinal mucosa
Often associated with conjunctivitis and keratitis

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20
Q

Which two viruses cause erosive and ulcerative stomatitis in cats?

A

Feline calicivirus
Feline herpes virus (feline viral rhinotracheitis)

Ulcers on tongues, both look the same

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21
Q

What is Candida albicans?

What kind of animals does it affect?

A

Fungus
Young suckling animals when immunocompromised or in poor hygiene conditions
Immunocompromised adults

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22
Q

Which parasitic infections cause stomatitis, oral ulceration and glossitis?

A

Cysticercus cellulosae in lingual muscle (pigs): larvae of Taenia solium (tapeworm)
Cysticercus bovis in lingual muscle (cattle): large of Taenia saginata
Trichinella spiralis (viviparus nematode) and sarcosporidia (protozoa) in lingual muscle

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23
Q

What is an epulis?

A

Tumour-like enlargement situated on the gingival or alveolar mucosa
Benign
Derived from periodontal ligament or connective tissue
Subtypes:
-Fibromatous epulis: expansile, no invasion, composed of fibroblasts and collagen
-Ossifying epulis: fibromatous but with bone formation
-Acanthomatous epulis: contains stratified epithelium, invades underlying bone

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24
Q

Describe a squamous cell carcinoma

A

Derived from squamous epithelium
Malignant, common in cats and dogs
Frequent invasion of adjacent soft tissue, skeletal muscle and bone
Metastasis to regional lymph nodes

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25
Describe a melanoma
Malignant Derived from melanocytes in pigmented mucosa Most common oral cavity malignant neoplasm in dogs Highly invasive
26
Describe a fibrosarcoma
Derived from fibrous connective tissue (if mouth: often buccal mucosa) Frequent invasion of underlying connective tissue, skeletal muscle, bone Widespread metastases
27
What is attrition?
Abnormal tooth wear
28
Describe an odontogenic tumour
Arise from epithelial / mesenchymal tissue that (embryologically) gives rise to teeth Eg Ameloblastoma Dog Arises deep within mandible or maxilla Solid or cystic masses within gingiva, teeth are loose or missing
29
Describe an odontoma
Dental malformation rather than true neoplasm 1) complex odontoma: all normal tissue elements of tooth, but malformed 2) compound odontoma: masses of toothlike tissue, but abnormally arranged
30
What are sioliths?
Salivary calculi Formed in duct or gland itself Result of chronic inflammation or foreign bodies
31
What are ranula?
Cysts of the sublingual duct Often located in tongue frenulum Due to dilation and secretion with occluded duct
32
Describe the tunica muscular (muscular layer) of the oesophagus in: Dogs and ruminants Pigs Cat and horses
Dog, ruminants: striated muscle Pig: striated muscle except for short distance in front of stomach Cat, horse: striated muscle along 2/3
33
How does compression of the oesophagus occur?
Due to masses in adjacent tissues eg neoplasia in lymph nodes
34
How do strictures of the oesophagus occur?
Mainly in dogs Mainly due to persistence of right aortic arch Oesophagus gets trapped between aorta, pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus botalli (patent ductus arteriosus) Shrinkage of patent ductus arteriosus can cause stricture
35
Give some clinical signs of a dog with persistent right aortic arch Why do these happen?
Dog is thin and emaciated Regurgitation of solid undigested food Ravenous appetite Aspiration pneumonia sometimes -> coughing, increased heart rate, heavy breathing Right aortic arch develops instead of left aortic arch that would usually become the permanent aorta. Oesophagus becomes compressed at level of base of heart -> prevents food being able to pass past the compression -> megaoesophagus -> regurgitation
36
Obstruction of the oesophagus is usually due to what?
Foreign bodies
37
Which dog species are more prone to congenital megaoesophagus?
Great Dane, German Shepherd, Irish setter | Defect in distension-sensitive reflex that coordinates oesophageal function
38
Give some causes of acquired megaoesophagus in dogs
``` Secondary to disorders disrupting the neural reflex involved in swallowing: Canine distemper Neuronal storage diseases Neoplasia Botulism Lead poisoning Myasthenia gravis (most common) ```
39
Describe Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune disease: auto-antibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (interfere with neuromuscular innervation) General muscle weakness Most common cause of acquired megaoesophagus
40
Which parasite can cause oesophageal neoplasms in dogs?
Spinocerca lupi Nematode Main tumour = fibrosarcoma
41
Which type of neoplasm is found in the oesophagus of cattle?
Papilloma (bovine papilloma virus type 4) | Can also be in oral cavity, pharynx, rumen
42
What epithelium is present in the rumen?
Stratified squamous | Papillae
43
The lining of which part of a bovine stomach is in a hexagonal honeycomb pattern?
Reticulum
44
The rumen is palpable on which side of a cow?
Left
45
The omasum and abomasum are present on which side of the cow?
Right
46
Why do ruminants need over 15% roughage in their diet?
If they have
47
What is ruminal tympany?
Accumulation of excessive quantities of gas with impairment of normal eructation -> distension of rumen If severe = emergency due to increased abdominal pressure -> decreased venous return and hypovolaemic shock Gas is mainly CH4 and CO2 Two types of bloat: frothy bloat (gas dispersed as small bubbles), free gas bloat (due to physical obstruction)
48
Ruminal acidosis is caused by what? | Give the pathogenesis
Abrupt change of diet (eg sudden large quantities of highly fermentable carbohydrates) Increased production of volatile fatty acids -> loss of ruminal tone Drop in ruminal pH Proliferation of Lactobacillus acidophilus Death when pH chemical rumenitis and reticulitis Secondary infection -> mycotic rumenitis
49
Describe traumatic reticulitis/peritonitis
Cow swallows foreign material eg wire Foreign body perforates reticulum Results in chronic peritonitis and pericarditis
50
Gastric dilation and volvulus occurs in which kinds of dogs? | Give some predisposing factors
Deep-chested breeds eg great dane, st Bernard Predisposing factors: Increased laxity of hepatogastric ligament Diet of small food particles Associates with excess eating and aerophagia (swallowing air)
51
How does gastric dilation and volvulus occur?
Gastric dilation occurs due to aerophagia and food/fluid in stomach Gastric volvulus: stomach rotates 360 degrees on long axis -> pylorus and terminal duodenum become compressed between oesophagus and dilated stomach Spleen moves with gastrosplenic ligament Oesophagus is completely occluded
52
Give some negative sequelae to gastric dilation and volvulus
Gastric haemorrhagic infarction Decreased venous return, decreased cardiac output, arterial hypotension (low blood pressure), decreased renal function -> shock
53
When does abomasal displacement tend to occur?
Older dairy cows: time of parturition Often with ketosis, hypocalcaemia, metritis, retained placenta etc Cause unknown
54
Which species does Gastrophilus larvae affect?
Horses (Larvae of bot flies) Eggs deposited on hair -> hatch -> penetrate oral mucosa -> molt -> emerge and migrate down alimentary tract -> attach to squamous mucosa -> induce erosions
55
What is allotriophagia?
Having food cravings different from expected/ the norm
56
What are trichobezoars?
Mass found entrapped in GI system formed from hair
57
What is catarrhal inflammation?
Serous inflammation on mucosal and serosal surfaces
58
Describe acute catarrhal gastritis
Increased reddening and thickening of entire surface/ parts of mucosa Increased mucous production
59
Give some causes of acute catarrhal gastritis
Poisons Infectious diseases Parasites
60
In which direction does abomasal displacement tend to occur?
From right to left side of abdomen
61
Give some causes of acute haemorrhagic gastritis
Poisons Infectious diseases (eg leptospirosis, anthrax) NSAIDS
62
What is Braxy?
Acute haemorrhagic gastritis in sheep and calves in cold climates Due to Clostridium septicum enterotoxin Severe oedema and emphysema in submucosa, haemorrhage, venous thrombosis
63
When might uraemia be seen with gastritis?
Chronic renal failure
64
Fibrino-necrotising gastritis is caused by what?
Mycotic infection
65
Gastric ulcers are usually seen in which part of the horses stomach?
Non-glandular squamous portion
66
Gastric ulcers are usually seen in which part of the cows stomach?
Pylorus
67
Gastric rupture is most common in which species?
Horse
68
How does gastric rupture occur?
Dilation, usually along greater curvature (most dilation and least elasticity) Serosal tear -> muscularis -> mucosa Death within a few hours Can be primary, secondary or idiopathic: Primary: after consumption of excessive carbohydrates -> production of VFAs, food engorgement, excessive water intake, Gasterophilus infestation Secondary: dilation resulting from SI obstruction, right dorsal displacement of colon around caecum
69
Describe GI adenocarcinomas in dogs
Pyloric antrum along lesser curvature of stomach Arise from epithelium of glandular mucosa Locally widespread, invasive growth Superficial ulceration Metastases to regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs
70
What is atresia?
Congenital absence or pathological closure of an opening/passage/cavity
71
Anal and rectal atresia is most common in which species?
Piglets | Failure in development of anal opening
72
How does megacolon occur?
Aplasia of neurons in large intestinal myenteric ganglia -> lack of peristalsis -> colon fills up Can also be idiopathic
73
How may the intestines become misaligned?
Herniation (protrusion through an opening in the surrounding walls) Intussusception Volvulus (twisting -> obstruction)
74
Give the 3 primary types of herniation
Diaphragmatic hernia: displacement of omentum, stomach, SI, spleen, liver into thoracic cavity. Compression -> pulmonary atelectasis Herniation of SI into epiploic foramen Inguinal hernia
75
What is intussusception?
'Telescoping' of one segment of intestine into another Dog: mainly SI (parvovirus, distemper) Horse: mainly ileum into caecum (due to tapeworm infestation)
76
What is volvulus?
Twist at root of mesenteric attachment
77
What are the consequences of intestinal misalignment?
Occlusion of veins -> persistence of arterial blood supply but no drainage -> increased blood pressure and hypoxic damage -> fragile capillaries -> haemorrhage, necrosis and haemorrhagic infarction
78
What are enteroliths?
Mineral concretion formed in GI tract, composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate salts Sometimes form around a small foreign object
79
What is grass sickness?
Horses: necrosis and loss of neurons in sympathetic ganglia -> functional paralysis Primary dysautonomia Clostridium botulinum suspected cause Stomach and SI filled with watery food contents
80
Why do enterotoxic e.coli and salmonella result in hypersecretory diarrhoea?
Secretion of electrolytes due to enterotoxins
81
How do rotavirus, coronavirus and Cryptosporidium cause malabsorptive diarrhoea?
They reduce the reabsorbtive area by causing loss of villous epithelial cells and villous atrophy
82
Describe viral catarrhal enteritis
Mainly young animals Villous atrophy Vomiting, malabsorptive diarrhoea, dehydration Coronavirus, rotavirus, parvovirus- crypt loss
83
Give some bacterial causes of catarrhal enteritis
Enterotoxic e.coli (ETEC) Enteropathogenic e.coli (EPEC) Septicaemia
84
How does Lawsonia intracellularis spread in the mucosa of pigs?
``` Infection of basal crypt enterocytes Propagation up villus through cell division Extrusion of infected cells Degenerate cells release bacteria Infection of other crypt cells ```
85
Whata re the two disease forms of porcine proliferative enteropathy?
1) intestinal adenomatosis (adenomas mainly in ileum) | 2) proliferative haemorrhagic enteritis
86
What causes anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
87
Gives bacterial cause of haemorrhagic enteritis
Anthrax (bacillus anthracis)
88
What causes paratuberculosis? | Hoe does it affect the intestines?
Caused by Mycobacerium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis (Johnes disease) Ruminants, esp calves Oral/intrauterine infection -> macrophages in mucosa and GALT -> chronic lesions in terminal ileum -> granulomatous inflammation: macrophages, giant cells containing acid-fast bacteria
89
Give some clinical signs of malabsorptive syndrome in dogs
Persistent v/d Wright loss Loose fatty faeces (steatorrhea)
90
Give some causes of malabsorptive syndrome
Pancreatic enzyme insufficiency -> Maldigestion (GSDs) | Acute and chronic enteritis
91
What is lymphangectasia?
Dilated lymphatic vessels | Seen in protein-losing enteropathy
92
Give some causes of ischaemia of the intestines
Shock (dog) Misalignment Thrombosis of intestinal arteries with embolus formation (horse: strongylus vulgaris)
93
What is the function of the caecum in the horse?
Main site of microbial fermentation
94
How does coccidiosis affect the intestine?
Causes chronic catarrhal enteritis, infects epithelial cells
95
Why are cestodes?
Flat tapeworms
96
Where do cyathostomes reside in the horse?
L3 reside in wall of colonic mucosa and caecum | They induce granulomas
97
How would you identify cyathostomiasis in a horse intestine?
Mucosal folds are swollen (oedema) | Abundant reddish-brown foci represent embedded larvae

Year 3 (28 decks)

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