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Year 3 > Repro Path > Flashcards

Repro Path Flashcards

1
Q

An animal with the chromosomal abnormality XXY will have which physical abnormalities?
What is this syndrome called?

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Males with testicular hypoplasia eg male tortoiseshell cats

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2
Q

What name is given to the male urogenital duct present during embryological development?

A

Mesonephric/ Wolffian duct

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3
Q

What name is given to the female urogenital duct present during embryological development?

A

Paramesonephric/ Mullerian duct

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4
Q

Why are the 3 types of true hermaphrodites?

A

Bilateral: ovotestis (testis and ovary) on each side
Unilateral: ovotestis on one side, testis/ovary on other side
Lateral: testis on one side, ovary on the other

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5
Q

What is a pseudo- hermaphrodite?

A

Internal gonads of one sex, but external genitalia have features of opposite sex

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6
Q

Describe freemartinism

A

Form of ovarian dysgenesis in cattle
Sterile female from a set of male and female twins
Fusion of placental vessels and sharing of blood between twins -> humoral substances (testis-determining factor, Mullerian-inhibitory substance) from blood of male twin -> ovarian inhibition of female twin, and hypo plastic vulva
Male unaffected

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7
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

A tumour composed of tissues not normally present at the site
Arise from multi potential cells that produce tissues from 2 or 3 embryological layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
Eg bone, hair, teeth

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8
Q

Give the 5 signs of inflammation

A

Redness due to blood vessel dilation and congestion/hyperaemia/haemorrhage
Swelling due to infiltration by cells and fluids
Heat due to increased blood supply
Pain due to compression of tissue pressure sensors
Loss of function (variable)

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9
Q

How may an ovary become infected?

A

Ascending uterine tube infection, peritonitis, pyaemia, septicaemia, trauma

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10
Q

What is the ovarian PRAS?

A

Ovarian pro-renin renin angiotensin system
Pro-renin is synthesised by mature ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum in response to LH
PRAS results in follicular atresia of non-dominant follicles

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11
Q

Which hormone causes follicles to mature?

A

FSH

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12
Q

What does LH do?

A

Triggers ovulation and development of corpus luteum (produces progesterone which maintains pregnancy)

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13
Q

Where are paraovarian cysts found?

A

Adjacent to oviduct

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14
Q

Where do follicular cysts arise from?

A

Arise from secondary follicles that fail to ovulate (no LH release), involute or luteinise
Common in cattle
Continuos oestrus, cystic endometrial hyperplasia

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15
Q

How can follicular cysts in cattle alter behaviour?

A

Multiple follicular cysts can give rise to hyper-oestrogenism
Can alter behavioural changes -> nymphomania (persistent bulling), persistent oestrus

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16
Q

Which hormones could you give to a cow to resolve follicular cysts?

A

Progesterone
Prostaglandin
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

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17
Q

Primary ovarian neoplasms originate from where?

A

Surface epithelium
Ovarian stroma
Ovarian germ cells

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18
Q

Granulosa cell tumours originate from which part of the ovary?
What do they secrete?

A

Stroma
Cow, mare: secrete progesterone, oestrogen and/or testosterone
Dogs, cats: secrete oestrogen

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19
Q

What is pyosalpinx?

A

Pus in uterine (Fallopian) tubes

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20
Q

What is hydrosalpinx?

A

Clear fluid in uterine (fallopian) tubes, due to obstruction

Congenital or post-inflammation

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21
Q

What is salpingitis?

A

Inflammation of uterine (Fallopian) tubes due to ascending infection (cattle)
Results in temporary infertility due to loss of cilia

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22
Q

When does uterine prolapse occur in ruminants?

A

After dystocia or with post-parturient hypocalcaemia (milk fever)

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23
Q

What does a placentome consist of?

A

A cotyledon (foetal side of placenta) and caruncle (maternal side of placenta)

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24
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia happens as a result of what?

A

Excessive/prolonged female hormonal stimulation
Ungulates and rodents: oestrogens
Dog, cat: progesterone acting on oestrogen- primed endometrium

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25
Q

What are the effects of oestrogen-mediated endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Glandular lumina becomes cystic (cystic endometrial hyperplasia) and distended by fluid (hydrometra) or mucous (mucometra)

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26
Q

Give some effects of progesterone-mediated endometrial hyperplasia

A

Predisposes uterus to infection and pyometra
Progesterone stimulates glandular secretion
In oestrogen-primed endometrium of dogs and cats: increased synthesis of progesterone receptors and enhanced effect of progesterone

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27
Q

Which hormone is responsible for lysis of the CL?

A

Prostaglandin (PGF2a)

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28
Q

How does progesterone-mediated endometrial hyperplasia occur?

A

Bitches: CL fails to digress in Dioestrus and continues to secrete progesterone -> proliferation of endometrium
Ungulates: PGF2a fails to be synthesised -> retention of CL

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29
Q

What is metritis?

A

Inflammation of uterus usually involving myometrium

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30
Q

Give some bacteria that may infect the uterus

A 
E. Coli
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
B-haemolytic streptococci 
Klebsiella, clostridia, Fusobacterium 
Brucella abortus
Mycobacterium fetus 
Bovine herpes virus 1
Tritrichomonas fetus 
Staphylococcus
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31
Q

How is pyometra resolved in cows?

A

Administration of prostaglandin F2a -> expulsion of exudate and bacterial clearance

32
Q

What is the function of prostaglandin F2a?

A

Induces labour
Causes luteolysis of CL, stopping production of progesterone
Causes abortion

33
Q

Describe pyometra in the cow

A

Persistent CL due to failure of prostaglandin F2a -> continued progesterone secretion and decreased myometrial contraction

34
Q

A female animal with the chromosomal abnormality XO or XXX will have which physical abnormalities?

A

Severe ovarian dysgenesis, hypoplasia, immature repro tract

35
Q

What is the difference between atrophy and hypoplasia?

A 
Hypoplasia = underdevelopment of a tissue or organ
Atrophy = wasting away of a tissue or organ
36
Q

What is the difference between abortion and stillbirth?

A

Abortion: expulsion of embryo/foetus before an age when it could survive
Stillbirth: expulsion of dead foetus at an age when it could have survived

37
Q

Describe foetal mummification

A

No intrauterine infection
After prolonged retention of dead foetus, fluids are reabsorbed, and foetal membranes collapse around desiccated, brown-black, leathery mass of dried foetal bones and skin
Most often in multiparous animals

38
Q

What is foetal maceration?

A

Softening due to intrauterine infection, particularly bacterial
Eg campylobacter fetus

39
Q

What is emphysema of the foetus?

A

Invasion of foetus by gas-forming, putrefactive bacteria from vagina (due to incomplete abortion)

40
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Innermost membrane that encloses the foetus (membrane of the amniotic sac)

41
Q

What is hydramnios?

A

Excessive fluids in amnion
Associated with maldeformed foetus
Causes maternal wasting due to reduced uptake (caused by rumenal compression by fluid)

42
Q

Why is a gravid uterus more prone to infection than a non-gravid uterus?

A

Influence of persistent progesterone stimulation
Chorionic epithelium secretes substances that predispose the gravid uterus to infection
Placenta and embryo are immuno-compromised sites (not directly protected by the maternal immune system)

43
Q

The gravid uterus can become infected via which 2 routes?

A

Haematogenous

Ascending infection from cervix/vagina

44
Q

How do you identify brucellosis as the cause of abortion?

A

Oedema of foetal membranes
Necrotic cotyledons (soft, yellow-grey, brown exudate)
Thickened intercotyledonary membranes with yellow, gelatinous fluid
Foetuses have serosanguinous fluid in SC tissue and body cavities

45
Q

How do you identify campylobacteriosis as the cause of abortion?

A

Necrotic, reddened cotyledons, necrotic brown placenta

46
Q

When, during the gestation, does neospora cause abortion?

A

Between months 3-9

47
Q

When, during the gestation, does BVDV cause abortion?

A

Between months 2-6

48
Q

What is the leading cause of abortion in cattle?

A

Neospora

49
Q

What is the most common cause of mycotic abortion in horses and cattle?
Describe it

A

Aspergillus
Haematogenous infection (cattle), ascending infection (horse)
Necrotising placentitis with fungal hyphae
Foetus: skin lesions +/- fungal hyphae in stomach

50
Q

What would you see microscopically in a foetus aborted by neospora?

A

Focal non-suppurative encephalitis, myocarditis +/- protozoal cysts

51
Q

How would you describe the cotyledons on the placenta of an animal infected with toxoplasmosis?

A

Bright red cotyledons, with multiple, 1-3mm yellow-white foci scattered on the cotyledons

52
Q

How does BVDV affect foetuses?

A

1st trimester: Abortion or mummification
Late 1st trimester to early 3rd trimester: Congenital defects: microencephaly (small brain), retinal atrophy, optic neuritis, +/- cerebellar hypoplasia, hydranencephaly (cerebrum is absent to varying degrees, the remaining cranial cavity is filled with CSF)

53
Q

What is border disease virus? (BDV)

A

Ovine pestivirus, similar to BVDV
Causes similar repro disease in sheep as BVDV in cattle ie abortio on infection early in gestation
Congenital abnormalities of surviving lambs include hypomyelinogenesis (defective formation of myelin in the CNS) and growth of hair instead of wool (hairy shakers)

54
Q

What is the difference between paresis and ataxia?

A 
Paresis= weakness
Ataxia= wobbliness
55
Q

How does equine herpes virus 1 (EHV-1) affect pregnancy in horses?

A

Infection of arteriolar endothelial cells leads to the virus entering placenta then foetus
Lesions in foetus: severe pulmonary and systemic oedema, multifocal hepatic necrosis, abortion
EHV-4 may also cause abortion

56
Q

When does vaginal prolapse occur in cattle?

A

Se

57
Q

Bovine herpes virus 1 causes which other conditions?

A

IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis), IPVV (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis), balanoposthitis (inflammation of glans penis), abortion, mastitis

58
Q

Which bacteria is the most common cause of necrotising vaginitis and vulvitis?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

59
Q

Give the 3 routes of invasion that lead to mastitis

A

Through teat canal (most common)
Haematogenous (tuberculosis, brucellosis)
Percutaneous (through local skin lesions)

60
Q

What is the most efficient way of diagnosing mastitis?

A

Culture of milk/exudate

61
Q

Describe the ‘natural barrier’ of the teat of a dairy cow

A

Coagulum, which consists of:
Keratin-like material from epithelial lining
Waxy component of milk

62
Q

Give some of the cattle-specific resistance factors to bacterial mastitis

A

Resistance to mastitis caused by streptococcus agalactiae and staphylococcus aureus
Humoral and cellular components in milk: lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulins, lactoperoxidase

63
Q

Briefly describe streptococcal mastitis

A

Entry via teat canal

Organisms invade epithelium -> acute purulent inflammation, then chronic inflammation with fibrosis

64
Q

Which components of cow’s milk aim to make it resistant to mastitis?

A 
Lactoferrin   
Lysozyme   
Lactoperoxidase   
Immunoglobulins   
Neutrophils  
Phagocytosis
65
Q

Does staphylococcal mastitis tend to affect younger or older cattle?

A

Younger

66
Q

Describe gangrenous mastitis

A

Caused by staphylococcus spp
Usually affects teat and adjacent portions of udder
Tissue becomes blue, insensitive and cold
Sloughing/separation of affected areas after around one week

67
Q

Coliform “toxic” mastitis in cattle is usually caused by what?

A

E. Coli

68
Q

Give the histology of coliform mastitis

A

Macroscopic: Massive oedema, haemorrhage
Histology: Necrosis of epithelium, oedema of septal tissue
Infiltration of inflammatory cells
Extensive necrosis of tissue maybe seen after some days
Sequestration is frequent if the animal survives

69
Q

What causes summer mastitis in cattle?

How does it occur?

A 
Trueperella pyogenes
Occurs via:
Penetrating injury  
Contamination by flies attracted to preexisting teat lesions  
Infection via teat canal
70
Q

What is agalactia?

A

Failure or absence of secretion of milk

71
Q

What does anaplastic mean?

A

Used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and have little or no resemblance to normal cells.

72
Q

Which cells produce testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

73
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A 
Incomplete descent of testis 
Can be abdominal or inguinal 
Bi- or unilateral 
Abdominal testes are prone to torsion 
Tumours are more frequent
74
Q

Give some causes of testicular atrophy

A

Trauma
Compression atrophy (testicular tumours)
Circulatory disorders (eg. torsion: venous infarction -> haemorrhagic necrosis)
Inflammation
Infection
Nutritional deficiencies (vits A + E)
Hyperthermia (optimal temp for testicular function is ~20 degrees; prolonged fever or excessive environmental temp; reversible)
Cryptorchidism
Ionising radiation
Hyperoestrogenism (Sertoli cell tumours; suppression of gonadotropin secretion by elevated oestrogen)
Pituitary alterations (eg. hypopituitarism or pituitary neoplasms -> decreased gonadotropin release)
Senile atrophy

75
Q

What is orchitis?

A

Inflammation of the testicles

76
Q

Give some signs of Sertoli cell tumours in dogs

A

Signs of feminisation (oestrogen +/or inhibin production -> reduced testosterone)
Bilateral alopecia
Cutaneous hyperpigmentation
Atrophy of opposite testis
Pendulous prepuce
Varying degrees of gynecomastia (hyperplasia of mammary tissue)
Attraction of male dogs
Bone marrow suppression
Squamous metaplasia of prostate gland epithelium

Year 3 (28 decks)

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