GI System Flashcards
Label the following aspects of the esophagus:
Lumen, Submucosa, Mucosa, Serosa, Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers), Esophageal hiatus, Myenteric plexus, Parasympathetic ganglion of myenteric plexus, Submucosal plexus, Diaphragm, Lamina Propria, Muscularis mucosae, Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Esophageal glands
Label the following aspects of the lip:
Minor salivary gland, Labial mucosa, Orbicularis oris muscle, Skin, Vermillion zone.
Which part is keratinized and which part is not?
Label the following aspects of the masticatory mucosa:
Dental pulp, Enamal space, Free gingiva, Lamina propria, Dentin, Alveolar bone, Mucogingival junction, Cementum, Attached gingiva, Junction epithelium, Alveolar mucosa, Sulcus epithelium
What are the three major salivary glands? What are their compositions?
Parotid: all serous acini
Sublingual: Mixed; more mucous than serous acini
Submandibular: Mixed; more serous than mucous acini
Label the following salivary glands and associated structures:
Masseter muscle, Parotid gland and duct, Lingual frenulum, Submandibular gland and duct, Mandible, Tongue, Sublingual gland and ducts
What is a serous demilune?
Half-moon shaped structures at the ends of mixed glands
Form during the fixation process for staining
What are the five major components of saliva?
Amylase and lipase
Mucus
Lysozyme
IgA
Electrolytes
Label the following aspects of the tongue:
Root, Body, Fungiform papillae, Vallate papillae, Foliate papillae, Epiglottis, Terminal sulcus, Lingual tonsils, Palatine tonsils
Label the following:
Mandible, Hyoid, 1st molar, Submandibular gland, Sublingual gland, Hyoglossus muscle, Mylohyoid muscle, Intrinsic muscles of the tongue, Styloglossus muscle, Genioglossus muscle, Buccinator muscle
What type of papilla is depicted here. What are some hallmark identifiers of this tissue? Function?
Filiform papillae
Thin papillae with relatively thick keratinized epithelium
Mainly used for grip; no taste buds
What type of papilla is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers? Functions?
Fungiform papilla
Relatively large with rounded top
More scattered
More CT in the core with a relatively thing epithelium
Taste buds at the top
What type of papilla is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers? Function?
Circumvallate papilla
Where body of the tongue meets the root
Large with deep trenches
Von Ebner’s glands (serous) wash out food from trenches
Taste buds on sides
What type of papilla is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers? Function?
Foliate papillae
Located on sides of the tongue
Square-ish; form rows
Medium-sized
Taste buds on the sides
What is the function of your central and lateral incisors?
Cutting food
What is the function of your canines?
Tearing food
What is the function of your molars (and premolars)
Grinding food
What cells produce the dentin layer of teeth? Where are they located?
Odontoblasts
located on border between dental pulp and dentin layers
Identify the following layers of the tooth:
Ameloblasts, Odontoblasts, Dentin, Enamel, Pre-dentin, Dental pulp
What are the functions of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?
Skeletal muscles that close off the esophagus and move food downward
What structure is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers?
Esophagus
Mucosa: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Submucosal (esophageal) glands
Muscularis external: skeletal superior, smooth inferior
Adventitia superior to diaphragm; serosa inferior to diaphragm
Describe Barrett’s esophagus. What causes it and why? How does it compare to a normal esophagus?
Due to unchecked acid reflux
Causes esophageal epithelium to change from stratified squamous nonkeratinized to pseudostratified with goblet cells (resembling stomach)
Adaptation to high acidity
Identify the circled structure. Function?
Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
Provides nervous input from between the two muscularis externa layers
Can function independently of CNS input
What are the differences between serosa and adventitia?
Serosa: associated with serous membranes; lined with simple squamous epithelium; faces a body cavity
Adventitia: Thick padding; anchors organs; usually contains
Label the following aspects of the stomach:
Greater and lesser omentum, Greater and lesser curvature, Pylorus, Fundus, Body, Duodenum, Cardiac part, Gastric rugae, Pyloric sphincter, Circular Muscle, Longitudinal muscle, Oblique muscle, Diaphragm, Pyloric canal, Antrum
What is the secretory product of parietal cells?
HCl
What is the secretory product of chief cells?
Lysozymes
Label the following aspects of the stomach:
Muscularis mucosae, Gastric pits, Surface mucous cells, Pyloric glands, Mucosa, Submucosa, Mucus-secreting cells
What is the difference between villi and plicae circulares?
Plicae circulares are bigger projections of mucosa and submucosa, whereas villi are smaller and composed only of mucosa.
Identify the following tissue:
Duodenum
Identify the following tissue:
Jejunum
Identify the following tissue:
Ileum
Label the following:
Pancreatic duct, Major and minor duodenal papillae, Hepatic ducts, Gallbladder (head, neck, and body), Accessory pancreatic duct, Pancreas (head, body, and tail), Cystic duct, Duodenum, Jejunum, Common hepatic duct, Hepatopancreatic sphincter, Circular folds, Bile duct, Duodenojejunal flexure, Hepatopancreatic ampulla
What are the three major cell types in the mucosa of small intestines? What are their functions?
Paneth cells: secrete lysozymes and other antibacterial enzymes
Enterocytes: absorption of digested food
Goblet cells: secrete mucus
Label the following aspects of the large intestines:
Rectum, Diverticulum, Transverse colon, Superior mesenteric artery, Taenia coli, Sigmoid colon, Ileocecal valve, Left and right colic flexures, Greater omentum, Cecum, External anal sphincter, Appendix, Mesocolon, Ascending colon, Omental appendices, Anal canal, Ileum, Descending colon, Haustrum
Label the following aspects of the anal canal:
Anus, Levator ani muscle, Rectum, Anal columns, Internal and external anal sphincters, Rectal valve, Hemorrhoidal veins, Anal sinuses, Anal canal
