Urinary and Reproductive Systems Flashcards
Why does the right kidney sit slightly lower than the left?
It’s pushed down by the liver
Describe the anatomical positions of the kidneys
Retroperitoneal
Superior lumbar region
Vertebral levels T12 - L3
What is the medial renal hilum?
Where the ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit the kidneys
What are the three layers of supportive tissue surrounding each kidney?
Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia
What is the renal capsule? What is it composed of?
External covering of the kidney composed of dense irregular connective tissue; adheres to the surface of the kidney
What is the adipose capsule?
Layer of fat surrounding the renal capsule
What is the renal fascia? What is it composed of?
External layer of the renal supportive tissue that anchors the kidney to the peritoneum; composed of dense irregular connective tissue
Label the following parts of the kidney:
Papilla of pyramid, ureter, renal pyramid, major calyx, minor calyx, fibrous capsule, renal column, renal medulla, renal cortex, renal pelvis
Describe the flow of blood through the kidney (starting with the aorta).
Aorta –> renal artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> interloblar vein –> renal vein –> inferior vena cava
Label the following parts of the nephron:
Macula densa, podocytes, PCT, DCT, Lacis cells, Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus
Label the following layers of the ureter:
Lumen, lamina propria, longitudinal layer, transitional epithelium, circular layer, adventitia. Identify mucosa and muscularis divisions.
Label the following parts of the FEMALE urinary bladder:
Peritoneum, urogenital diaphragm, detrusor muscle, external urethral sphincter, internal urethral sphincter, urethra, external urethral orifice, rugae, ureter, bladder neck, trigone, ureteric orifices
Label the following parts of the MALE urinary bladder:
spongy urethra, detrusor muscle, rugae, bulbourethral gland, urogenital diaphragm, prostate, external urethral sphincter, internal urethral sphincter, penis, external urethral orifice, trigone, ureter, membranous urethra, ureteral openings
What three events occur simultaneously to cause micturition (urination or voiding)?
- Contraction of the detrusor muscle (involuntary)
- Opening of the internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
- Opening of the external urethral sphincter (voluntary)
What are the most common causes of urinary retention in men? (2)
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
Prostate cancer
Label the following parts of the MALE reproductive system:
Urethra, external urethral orifice, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, ureter, testis, prostate, epididymis, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland, urinary bladder, ampulla of ductus deferens
What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
Elevate the testes; derivative of the internal oblique
What is the function of the dartos muscle?
Smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin
Label the following parts of the testes:
seminiferous tubules, epididymis, efferent ductules, rete testis, tubulus rectus
Label the following cell types of spermatogenesis:
Spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, early spermatid, intermediate spermatid, late spermatid, Sertoli cells, myoid cell, fibroblast
Describe the seminal vesicles. Size? Location? Product?
Shape and size of little finger
attached to posterior bladder
produces viscous seminal fluid (70% of semen volume)
Duct empties into vas deferens (forms ejaculatory duct)
Describe the prostate. Size and shape? Secretions? Function?
Size and shape of peach pit
Secretes a milky fluid that activates sperm; 1/3 of semen volume
Describe the bulbourethral gland. Size and shape? Location? Function?
Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
Prior to ejaculation, produces thick, clear mucus that lubricates glans penis and neutralizes traces of urine
Label the following parts of the penis:
Corpora cavernosa, corpora spongiosum, tunica albuginea, urethra, superficial dorsal vein, deep dorsal vein, dorsal artery, urethral glands, erectile tissue
Label the following parts of the FEMALE reproductive system:
Infundibulum, clitoris, vagina, urogenital diaphragm, uterine (fallopian) tube, labium, posterior fornix, fimbriae, hymen, uterus, anterior fornix, anus, ovary, cervix
Label the following aspects of the ovary:
Primordial follicle, oocyte, germinal epithelium, cuboidal follicle cells, zona pellucida
What is this structure?
Secondary follicle
Label the following aspects of a Graafian follicle:
Antrum, cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa, corona radiata, oocyte, theca externa, theca interna, granulosa cells, zona pellucida
What is the stratum functionalis?
Functional layer of the endometrium; changes in response to hormone cycles; shed during menstration
What is the stratum basalis?
Basal layer of the endometrium; forms new functionalis layer after menstruation
Label the following parts of the FEMALE external genitalia:
Mons pubis, anus, vaginal orifice, hymen (ruptured), vestibule, labia majora, labia minora, opening of the duct of the greater vestibular gland, clitoris, urethral orifice, prepuce of clitoris
