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GI Theme 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the main functions of the gut

A

digestion & absorption
excretion
defence
commuication

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2
Q

what are the 2 main groups of organs of the digestive system

A

alimentary canal- tract itself

accessory digetsive organs/glands

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3
Q

what are the layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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4
Q

what layers make up the mucosa

A

(Top to bottom)

  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosa
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5
Q

in which layer are most of the glands present

A

mucosal

only some in submucosal

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6
Q

what is gastrointestinal epithelium

A

tissue covering the external surfaces of teh body and lining hollow structures (except blood and lymphatic vessels which are lined by endothelial cells

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7
Q

where is epithelium derived from

A

embryonic endoderm (innermost of three layers formed at gastrulation)

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8
Q

what are the types of epithelia

A

stratified squamous epithelium

columnar epithelium

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9
Q

what are the features of stratified squamous epithelium & where is located

A

flat and scale-like
can be several cells thick
protective
located in oesophagus

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10
Q

what are the features of columnar epithelium

A

absorptive
single layer of cells
may have brush border
secretory (mucous & enzymes)

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11
Q

which epithelia is the major cell type in the gut epithelium and endocrine pancreas

A

columnar

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12
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus

A

conducts food by peristalsis
slow rhythmic squeezing
passageway for food only (respiration system branches of after the pharynx)

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13
Q

what are layers of the oesophagus

A

stratified squamous non- keratinised epithelium
submucosa
muscularised externa (does not contract unless stimulated)
mesothelium (simple squamous)

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14
Q

in the oesophagus where are most glands located and what is there function

A

submucosa

secrete mucous and serous to lubricate the lumen of the oesophagus

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15
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A 
food enters at cardioesophageal sphincter 
storage tank for food
site of food breakdown 
chemical breakdown of protein begins
delivers chyme to SI
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16
Q

what are the layers of the stomach

A

gastric glands

gastric pits- contain secretory glands

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17
Q

what do the parietal cells of the gastric glands do

A

generation of HCL and KCL (gastric acid)

secretion of intrinsic factor

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18
Q

what are the other main cell types in gastric glands (apart from parietal cells)

A

mucous secreting cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine APUD cells

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19
Q

what is the function of the chief cells of the gastric glands

A

secrete pepsinogen which (breaks down polypeptides), renin, lipase

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20
Q

what do enteroendocrine APUD cells of the gastric glands secrete

A

polypeptide hormones

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21
Q

outline the differences between the cell types in the oesophagus and stomach

A

oesophagus epithelium is stratified squamous not simple columnar
no gastric glands is oesophagus mucosa
oesophagus has submucosal sermucous glands
stomach more muscular

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22
Q

where are the glands located in the stomach, how is this different from their location in the oesophagus

A

intermucosal layer

submucosa in oesophagus

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23
Q

what is the function of the small intestine

A

digestive organ
site of nutrient absorption into blood
muscular tube extending from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
suspended from posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery

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24
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum (connects SI to LI)

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25
what are the layers of the duodenum
villi (no villi stomach) crypts in mucosa- mucosal glands maintain lubrication brunners glands- submucosal glands which neutralise HCL from stomacg(not in stomach) myenteric plexus- gangli & nerves
26
what structure is a landmark of the small intestine
villi
27
where are most glands located in the small intestine
mucosal layer- lamina propira
28
what is the function of goblet cells
secrete mucous - covers epithelial surfaces - defence
29
where are goblet cells most abundant
colon | also in salivary glands
30
in which disease does goblet cell hyperplasia occur
cystic fibrosis
31
what are the paneth cells located
at the base of intestinal crypts
32
what is the function of paneth cells
``` like neutrophils secrete alpha defensins secrete lysozyme and phospholipase A2 may protect whole crypt long lived (20 days) ```
33
what is the function of the enterocytes of SI
digestion and absorption | columnar epithelial
34
what are the sections of the large intestine
caecum appendix colon- ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid rectum
35
function of LI
water, fat & salts absorption faeces production goblet cells produce mucous for lubricant
36
are there villi in the LI
no
37
what are the layers of the LI
``` mucosa- crypts submucosa muscularis mucosa muscularis externa- myenteric plexus serosa ```
38
what are the accessory digestive organs
``` teeth salivary glands pancreas liver gall bladder ```
39
what are accessory glands made up from
epithelial tissue connected through ducts
40
what are the classifications of accessory glands
uni cellular | multicellular
41
what are unicellular cells | give examples
individual cells within an epithelium e.g. type II alveolar cells in the lungs goblet cells
42
where are goblet cells found
intestinal epithelium
43
what are multicellular glands
tubular glands- lie along ducts acinar glands- in sac at end of duct (simple & compound) compound tubulo-acinar- submandibular glands
44
where are simple tubular glands found
intestinal & sweat glands
45
where are compound tubular glands found
gastric glands
46
what are sebaceous glands | simple acinar
branched acinar glands which generate an oily compound b merocrine secretion
47
where are compound acinar glands found
parotid & pancreas | serous content
48
where are tubulo-acinar glands found & how are they formed
submandibular | formed when simple layer of acinar cells fuse together
49
what secretions are from the parotid gland
serous- watery, leaky
50
where does the parotid duct (stensens duct) open
runs around masseter and opens into the oral cavity
51
which gland produces up to 70% of saliva
submandibular
52
what secretions are from the submandibular gland
Mixed: mainly serous also mucous
53
where does the submandibular duct (wharton's duct) open
runs forwards above mylohyoid & opens into oral cavity beneath the tongue
54
what are the secretions from sublingual glands
mixed | mainly mucous
55
what glands does the lingual br of the facial innervate
sublingual and submandibular
56
where do the small ducts of the sublingual glands open
into oral cavity along sublingual fold
57
where are most minor salivary glands located
small aggregates in sub mucosa the oral cavity (not gingiva and hard palate
58
what do the minor salivary glands secrete
mixed secretions | mainly mucous
59
which glands in the oral cavity is only serous
von Ebner's glands
60
what are myoepithelial cells
They sit on top of the acinar cells. Their contraction stimulates ejection of saliva.
61
what are the main structural features of minor salivary glands
acinar & myoepothelial mucous tubular intercalated ducts striated ducts
62
what happens to saliva as it travels down the striated duct
ionic modification- saliva is isotonic but Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed so the resultant saliva is become hypertonic
63
what is the main excretory duct
oral cavity
64
what do intercalated ducts do
connect acini with striated ducts which carry the content to excretory ducts then the main ducts
65
what are acini
groups of secretory cells that share a lumen (bunch of grapes)
66
what type of epithelium is found in excretory ducts
pseudostratified columnar
67
what type of epithelium is found in striated ducts
simple columnar
68
what type of epithelium is found in intercalated ducts
simple cuboidal
69
which duct has the largest diameter
excretory
70
what are the 2 types of secretory end pieces
serous acinus | mucous alveolus
71
what are landmarks for serous acinus
intercellular canaliculi
72
which secretory end piece has a larger lumen
mucous alveolus
73
which secretory end piece has a larger nucleus
serous acinus
74
what are serous demilunes
cellular formations in the shape of a half moon on some salivary glands
75
which glands are demilunes found on
mixed glands | mainly submandibular
76
what is the function of myothelial cells
support saliva secretion maintain cell polarity & structural integrity of acinus tumour suppressor activity
77
what is the function of saliva
helps form bolus moisten, lubricate initiate digestion of food
78
what is contained in saliva
proteins, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, electrolytes and water
79
what is the main enzyme in saliva
amylase
80
what can be used for parotid saliva collection
lashley cannula | curby cup
81
what can be used for submandibular/sublingual saliva collection
schneyer's apparatus
82
what are some systemic diseases causing saliva hypofucntion
``` sjogren syndrome graft-versus-host disease cystic fibrosis granulomatous diseases uncontrolled diabetes mellitus thyroid disorders hepatic disease neurological diseases HIV ```
83
what are other causes of salivary gland hypofunction
radiation chemotherapy depression ageing
84
factors affecting saliva composition
``` flow rate - resting vs stimulated -cardiac rhythms relative contribution of glands diet individual variation ```
85
what is the function of myoepithelium
increases rate of saliva production

Stage 1 (21 decks)

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