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Stage 1 > Theme 4 Anatomy > Flashcards

Theme 4 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the boundaries of the ITF

A

Medial- lateral pterygoid plate
Lateral- ramus and coronoid process of mandible
Superior- infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid and squamous part of temporal
Anterior- posterior wall of maxilla
Posterior- styloid process

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2
Q

what are the contents of the ITF

A 
lateral and medial pterygoid muscle 
v3 
v2
chorda tympani 
maxillary artery & br 
maxillary vein & br 
otic ganglion
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3
Q

how many heads does the medial & lateral pterygoid have

A

2- superficial and deep

2- inferior and superior

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4
Q

what are the attachment of the medial pterygoid

A

medial aspect of lateral pteryoid plate
maxillary tuberosity superiorly
medial part of ramus
inf border of the angle of mandible

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5
Q

what is the action of the medial pterygoid

A

elevates mandible (jaw closing cycle)
protrusion of mandible
lateral movements of mandible
(slide movements)

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6
Q

what is the action of the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid

A

protractor

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7
Q

what is the action of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid

A

elevate jaw- active in the last part of the jaw closing cycle helping to locate the head of the mandible into the mandibular fossa

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8
Q

what is the function generally of the anterior division of v3

A

mainly motor to muscles of mastication except for long buccal which is sensory

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9
Q

what is the function generally of the posterior divisions of v3

A

mainly sensory except for the n to mylohyoid which is motor

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10
Q

what are the posterior divisions of v3

A

lingual nerve
inferior alveolar
auriculotemporal nerve
nerve to mylohyoid (motor)

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11
Q

wheres are the first 2 parts of the maxillary artery

A

in infratemporal fossa

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12
Q

where is the 3rd part of the maxillary artery

A

ptyerygopalatine fossa

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13
Q

what are the br of 1st part of maxillary artery

A

inf alveolar

middle meningeal

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14
Q

where does the ptyergoid plexus drain

A

retromandibular vein

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15
Q

which fo does the inf alveolar n enter mandible

A

mandibular fo

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16
Q

what is the function of the inf alveolar n

A

sensory innervation to the mandibular teeth

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17
Q

what fo does the inf alveloar exit the skull via and what nerve does it give rise to

A

mental fo

mental nerve

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18
Q

what does the mental n supply

A

skin & mucous membrane of the lower lip

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19
Q

what is the function of the lingual nerve

A

sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue

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20
Q

what does the chorda typani do

A

carries taste

innervates sublingual and submandibular glands

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21
Q

how is does the chorda tympani involved in ps innervation to . the submandibular/lingual gland

A

preganglionic axons travel to the ganglion in the chorda tympani which joins lingual. they synapse in the submandibular ganglion and post ganglionic axons travel to the gland

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22
Q

where are the 2 places of articulation for the TMJ

A

between the maxillary and mandibular teeth

between mandibular condoyle and temporal bone

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23
Q

outline the anatomy of the TMJ

A 
features of a synovial joint 
articular surfaces 
capsule and ligaments 
articular disc
movements of the joints 
muscles responsible for joint movement 
nerve and blood supply
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24
Q

what are the contents of the TMJ

A

mandibular fossa
mandibular condoyle
articular disc
joint capsule

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25
Q

what are the bones involved in the TMJ

A

condoyle of the mandible & temporal bone

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26
Q

what does the articular capsule do

A

enclosed joint surfaces like a sleeve

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27
Q

what does the articular disc do

A

divides joint cavity into 2 compartments that allows translation movements in the upper compartment and hinge in the lower
shock absorber

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28
Q

what is the function of the articular eminence

A

helps keep joint stable when closed and the head of the mandible must be pulled over it when the jaw is opened more widely

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29
Q

wheres do hinge movements occur

A

lower compartment between condoyle and disc
disc- stationary
condoyle- moves

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30
Q

where do translation movements occur

A

upper compartment between disc and mandibular fossa

condoyle & disc move together

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31
Q

what are the muscles of mastication

A

medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
masseter
temporalis

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32
Q

what is the innervation of the medial pteryoid

A

V3

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33
Q

what is the innervation of the lateral ptyergoid

A

V3

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34
Q

what are the attachments of the superior head of the lateral pteyrgoid

A

infratemporal surface of the greater wing of sphenoid to pterygoid fovea and capsule and disc of TMJ

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35
Q

what are the attachments of the inferior head of lateral pterygoid

A

lateral aspect of lateral pteryoid plate to pterygoid fovea on condylar neck

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36
Q

what are the attachments of the superficial head masseter

A

zygomatic process of maxilla, and inferior border of anterior two thirds of zygomatic arch, angle of mandible and lower portion of lateral aspect of ramus

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37
Q

what are the attachments of the deep head masseter

A

inner aspect of zygomatic arch to upper portion of lateral aspect of ramus

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38
Q

what is the action of masetter superficial head

A

elevation of mandible

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39
Q

what is the action of masetter deep head

A

retrusion

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40
Q

what is the innervation of masetter

A

V3

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41
Q

what are the attachment of temporalis

A

Temporal line to temporal crest
Temporal fossa
Overlying temporal fascia
Coronoid process of the mandible down to retromolar fossa

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42
Q

what is the action of temporalis

A

Maintains resting position Elevation of mandbile

Ipsilateral excursion Retrusion

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43
Q

what is the innervation of temporalis

A

v3

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44
Q

how do the infrahyoid muscles assist in jaw opening

A

stabilise the hyoid bone

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45
Q

how do the suprahyoid muscles assist in jaw opening

A

the depress the mandible directly or by being attached to the hyoid bone

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46
Q

what muscles does opening jaw require

A

lateral pterygoid and ant diagastric

wider opening- supra and infra hyoid muscles

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47
Q

what muscles are involved in jaw closing

A

masseter, medial pterygoid and temporalis (when against resistance)

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48
Q

which muscle is involved in the final stages of jaw closing

A

superior head of lateral pterygoid

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49
Q

what are the ligaments involved in the TMJ

A

lateral tempormandibular liagment
sphenomandibular
stylomandibular
pterygomandibular raphe

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50
Q

what are the attachments of the lateral temporomandibular ligament

A

articular tubercle

lateral surface of neck of mandible

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51
Q

what are the attachments of the sphenomandibular ligament

A

spine of sphenoid bone

lingula of mandible above mandibular fo

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52
Q

what are the attachments of the stylomandibular ligament

A

syloid process to angle of mandible

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53
Q

what are the attachments of the ptergomandibular raphe

A

Tip of the hamulus of medial pterygoid plate to posterior end of mylohyoid line

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54
Q

outline jaw opening and closing cycle

A
  • Rest position with a 5mm freeway space
  • Opening involves protraction and hinge movements
  • Initial opening requires inferior head of lateral pterygoid and anterior digastric
  • Wider opening recruits more muscles
  • Closing reverses the process, masseter, medial pterygoid, temporalis (when closing against resistance) and superior head of lateral pterygoid (to locate condyle)
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55
Q

where are preganglionic axons in the sympathetic ns

A

thoracic or lumbar sc

thoracolumbar

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56
Q

where are preganglionic axons in the parasympathetic ns

A

brain or sacral spinal cord

craniosacral

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57
Q

what are the axons like parasympathetic ns

A

preganglionic long

post ganglionic short

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58
Q

what are the axons like sympathetic ns

A

preganglionic short- synapse in sympathetic chains

post ganglionic long

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59
Q

what are the ps ganglion of the head

A

ciliary
pterygopalatine
otic
submandibular

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60
Q

where do the ps ganglion receive sensory fibres from

A

v1 v2 or v3

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61
Q

where are post sympathetic fibres from

A

plexus of the nearest carotid arterial branch

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62
Q

where is the otic ganglion

A

infratemporal fossa

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63
Q

where is the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

pterygopalatine fossa

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64
Q

where is the submandibular ganglion

A

floor of the mouth

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65
Q

where is the ciliary ganglion

A

orbit

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66
Q

what is the sensory root for the otic ganglion

A

from parotid gland to otic ganglion via br of the auriocotemporal nerve (br of v3)

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67
Q

what is the parasympathetic root for the otic ganglion

A

CNIX- lesser petrosal nerve (preganglionic) to

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68
Q

what is the sympathetic root of the otic ganglion

A

middle meningeal to parotid gland

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69
Q

what are the br of distribution of the otic ganglion

A

from ganglion to parotid gland via auriculotemporal nerve

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70
Q

what the somatic motor root of the otic ganglion

A

from otic ganglion to medial pterygoid and tensor veli palitini

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71
Q

what is the sensory root for the submandibular ganglion

A

lingual nerve (br of v3)

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72
Q

what is the ps root of the submandibular ganglion

A

CNVII- via chorda tympani and lingual nerves to submandibular and sublingual glands

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73
Q

what is the sympathetic root for the submandibular ganglion

A

from: ext carotid plexus cia lingual and facial arteries
to: submandibular and sublingual glands

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74
Q

what is the sensory root for the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

v2 to targets via br od distribution

75
Q

what is the ps root of the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

CNVII via pterygoid canal and greater petrosal nerve

76
Q

what is the sympathetic root of the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

from int carotid plexus via deep petrosal nerve and nerve of pterygoid canal

77
Q

what is the sensory root of the ciliary ganglion

A

v1 ganglionic branches

78
Q

what is the ps root of the ciliary ganglion

A

CNIII to motor innervation to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles

79
Q

what is the sympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion

A

from sympathetic plexus of internal carotid artery and opthalmic arteries

80
Q

what are the boundaries of the pterygopalatine fossa

A

post- sphenoid bone
med- palatine bone
ant-maxilla
lat-pterygomaxillary fissure

81
Q

what are the openings of the pterygopalatine fossa

A 
fo rotundum 
pterygoid canal 
sphenopalatine fo 
palatine canal 
infraorbital canal
inferior orbital fissure 
pterygomaxillary fissure
82
Q

what does the fo rotundum transmit

A

maxillary nerve

83
Q

what does the sphenopalatine fo transmit

A

nasopalatine nerve, posterior superior nasal nerves and sphenopalatine artery

84
Q

what does the palatine canal transmit

A

greater and lesser palatine nerves

85
Q

what does the inferior orbital fissure transmit

A

infraorbital nerves and vessels

86
Q

what does the pteyrgomaxillary fissure transmit

A

3rd part of maxillary artery

87
Q

what are the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa

A

v2
pterygopalatine ganglion
3rd part of maxillary artery

88
Q

which division of v is sensory

A

v1 and v2

89
Q

which division of v is motor and sensory

A

v3

90
Q

through which fo does v3 leave the pterygopalatine fossa

A

inferior orbital fissure then infraorbital groove

91
Q

what are the br v2

A 
Greater and lesser palatine 
Lesser 
Posterior sup alveolar nerve 
Zygomatic nerves
Infraorbital nerve 
  - Anterior superior alveolar nerve
  -Middle superior alveolar nerve
92
Q

what nerves are br arising from the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

greater and lesser palatine nerve

93
Q

what are the zygomatic nerves

A

zygomaticotemporal

zygomaticofacial

94
Q

what are the br of distribution from the pterygopaltine ganglion

A 
nasopalatine nerve 
posterior superior nasal nerves 
greater palatine nerves 
lesser palatine nerves
pharyngeal nerve
95
Q

what are the branches of . the maxillary artery that accompany the br of the maxillary nerve

A 
Descending palatine (G+L))
Posterior sup alveolar artery 
Infraorbital artery 
Artery of pterygoid canal 
Sphenopalatine artery
96
Q

which part of the maxillary artery enters the ITF

A

3rd

97
Q

what are the main br of the first part of maxillary artery

A

middle meningeal

inferior alveolar

98
Q

what do the br of the maxillary nerve supply

A

pterygopalatie ganglion

99
Q

What is the path of the nasopalatine nerve ?

A

enters the nasal cavity through sphenopalatine Fo.
Passes along the roof of the nasal cavity
descends to the roof of the oral cavity
passes through the incisive Fo to the hard palate

100
Q

What does the nasopalatine nerve innervate

?

A

the maxillary anterior teeth

101
Q

What are the functions of the nose ?

A 
ventilation 
olfactory 
filtration of the air 
drainage of secretions from the paranasal air sinuses 
and the nasolacrimal duct
102
Q

What is the external nose pierced by ?

A

2 nasal apertures

103
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity ?

A

respiratory pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

104
Q

What separates the nasal cavity from the anterior cranial fossa ?

A

the cribriform plate

105
Q

What is lateral to the lateral wall of the nose ?

A

ethmoidal air cells

106
Q

What is lateral to the lower half of the nasal wall ?

A

The maxillary air sinus

107
Q

What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

A

the hard palate

108
Q

What makes up the hard palate ?

A

palatine process of the maxilla

horizontal plane of the palatine bone

109
Q

What do the nostrils lead to anteriorly ?

A

The vestibule

110
Q

What makes the roof of the nasal cavity ?

A

sphenoid bone
cribriform plate
nasal spine of the frontal bone

111
Q

of what bone is the cribriform plate a part of ?

A

the ethmoid bone

112
Q

What are the conchae ?

A

3 scroll like elevations from the lateral wall of the nose

113
Q

The superior and middle conchae are extensions of which bone ?

A

the ethmoid bone

114
Q

What do the conchae overly ?

A

meati

115
Q

What is the space above the superior concha ?

A

the sphenoethmoidal recess

116
Q

What is the nasal septum made of ?

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the

vomer (post)

117
Q

What do secretions from nasal mucosa drain through ?

A

ostia

118
Q

What is hiatus semilunaris ?

A

a curved depression in the middle meatus

119
Q

What is bulla ethmoidalis ?

A

a swelling superior to the hiatus semilunaris

120
Q

Which sinus is the biggest ?

A

maxillary

121
Q

What is the roof of the maxillary sinus ?

A

floor of the orbit

122
Q

What is the floor of the maxillary sinus ?

A

the palatine process of maxilla

123
Q

Why can sinusitis manifest as toothache ?

A

maxillary air sinus and teeth have a common nerve supply

124
Q

What does the maxillary air sinus drain into ?

A

hiatus semilunaris and the middle meatus

125
Q

Where is the ostium of the maxillary air sinus ?

A

high up in the medial wall of the nose

126
Q

Where is the frontal sinus ?L

A

Lies in the frontal bone and behind the supercilairy arches

127
Q

What does the frontal sinus drain into ?

A

hiatus semilunaris

middle meatus

128
Q

What is superior to the sphenoidal air sinus ?

A

the pituitary fossa

129
Q

What does the sphenoidal air sinus drain into ?

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

130
Q

Where are the ostia of the sphenoidal air sinus ?

A

in the body of the sphenoid

131
Q

What are the types of ethmoidal air cells ?

A

anterior
middle
posterior

132
Q

Where do the anterior ethmoidal air cells drain into ?

A

middle meatus - hiatus semilunaris

133
Q

Where do the posterior ethmoidal air cells drain into ?

A

superior meatus

134
Q

Where do the middle ethmoidal air cells drain into ?

A

middle meatus

135
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the TMJ and the disc made of ?

A

fibrocartilage

136
Q

What are the structures related to the deep surface of the parotid gland ?

A

styloid process and stylopharyngeus , styloglossus and stylohyoid.
upper parts of the carotid sheath

137
Q

which 2 muscles attach to the lateral pterygoid plate

A

medial and lateral pterygoid muscle

small part of buccinator

138
Q

of which larger nerve is the lingual nerve a branch

A

v3

139
Q

what muscle attaches to the angle of the mandible

A

medial pterygoid

140
Q

which muscle attaches to the outer surface of the mandible

A

masseter

141
Q

which muscle attaches to the infratemporal surface of the greater wing of sphenoid

A

superior head of the lateral pterygoid

142
Q

what muscle attaches to the digastric fossa

A

anterior belly of digastric

143
Q

does the anterior digastric muscle have an affect of the tempromandibular joint

A

yes it actively opens the joint

144
Q

what is the innervation of the anterior digastric

A

v3

145
Q

of which larger artery is the inferior alveolar artery a branch

A

maxillary

146
Q

which bone is the mandibular fossa apart of

A

temporal

147
Q

where is the squamotympanic fissure

A

lies in the temporal bone

148
Q

what are the attachments of the articular disc within the cavity of the TMJ

A

capsule of the joint

squamotympanic fissure and neck of mandible

149
Q

what is the function of the inferior alveolar nerve

A

sensory innervation to the mandibular teeth via its mental branch to the mucous membrane of the lip

150
Q

name the bones that form the floor of the nasal cavity

A 
palatine bone (horizontal plate) 
palatine process of maxilla
151
Q

what does the specialised olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity do

A

detect odours

152
Q

what does the ciliated epithelium of the nasal cavity do

A

filter air

153
Q

what do meatus do

A

increase SA to warm and moisten incoming air

154
Q

what are the attachments of the articular disc within the cavity of the TMJ

A

capsule of the joint

squamotympanic fissure and neck of mandible

155
Q

what is the function of the inferior alveolar nerve

A

sensory innervation to the mandibular teeth via its mental branch to the mucous membrane of the lip

156
Q

name the bones that form the floor of the nasal cavity

A 
palatine bone (horizontal plate) 
palatine process of maxilla
157
Q

what does the specialised olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity do

A

detect odours

158
Q

what does the ciliated epithelium of the nasal cavity do

A

filter air

159
Q

what do meatus do

A

increase SA to warm and moisten incoming air

160
Q

what lines the nasal cavity within the sphenoethmoidal recess

A

olfactory epithelium

161
Q

what is the remainder of the nasal cavity lined with

A

ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium

162
Q

what nerves pass through the ethmoid bone

A

olfactory nerves

163
Q

what structures do the olfactory nerves innervate

A

olfactory epithelium

164
Q

what type of epithelium lines the maxillary sinus

A

ciliated columnar respiratory type epithelium

165
Q
  1. What is the clinical importance of the maxillary sinus
A

Infection spread- roots of molar teeth project into the maxillary sinus. Also danger when extracting teeth creating and oral-antral fistula or the extracted tooth ending up in the sinus. Maxialla relationships with surrounding bones provides routes for further spreads of infection to the orbit and interior of the skull

166
Q

what does the infraorbital canal transmit

A

infraorbital nerves and vessels

167
Q

what does the pterygoid canal transmit

A

nerve of pterygoid canal

168
Q

Define the three parts of the maxillary artery

A

The first part form its origin from the external carotid artery to the inferior border of the lateral pterygoid
Second part- passing either superficial or deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle
Third part- pterygopalatine fossa

169
Q

How does this explain why your nose runs when you cry

A

The nasolacrimal duct drains tears from the eye

170
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain

A

Hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus

171
Q

List the structures that drain into the space inferior to the middle concha

A

Frontal sinus, anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells and the maxillary sinus

172
Q

Which nerve provides most of the sensory innervation for the nasal septum?

A

Nasopalatine nerve

Small contribution from anterior ethmoidal nerve

173
Q

how does the nasopalatine nerve reach the nasal septum

A

sphenopalatine fo

174
Q

Name the structure that drains into the inferior meatus

A

Nasolacrimal duct

175
Q

List the relationships of the maxillary sinus.

A

The maxillary sinus is located inferior to the orbit and lateral to the nasal cavities.
Its floor is related to the alveolar process of the maxilla.
The roots of the maxillary teeth project into the sinus, especially in the case of the posterior teeth where there may be only a thin covering of bone over the root.
The ethmoid bone and air sinus are located supero-medial. Along the roof of the sinus is located the infraorbital canal.

176
Q

What nerve follows a similar course to the wire located in the infraorbital canal

A

V2 – passes out of fo rotundum into pterygopalatine fossa

177
Q

what bones form the lateral wall of the nose

A

inferior concha
maxilla
ethmoid bone- superior and middle concha

178
Q

Name the parts of the ethmoid bone

A

Crista galli, cribriform plat, perpendicular plate and body (with its ethmoidal air sinuses, superior and middle conchae

179
Q

List the bones that form the roof of the nasal cavity has anteriorly, posteriorly and in its intermediate part.

A

Frontal bone, cribriform plate of ethmoid and sphenoid

180
Q

What structures drain into the middle meatus

A

The frontal air sinus, the anterior and middle ethmoidal air sinuses and the maxillary air sinus

181
Q

List the relationships of the maxillary sinus.

A

The maxillary sinus is located inferior to the orbit and lateral to the nasal cavities. Its floor is related to the alveolar process of the maxilla. The roots of the maxillary teeth project into the sinus, especially in the case of the posterior teeth where there may be only a thin covering of bone over the root. The ethmoid bone and air sinus are located supero-medial. Along the roof of the sinus is located the infraorbital canal.

182
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the lateral wall of the nose

A

Antero-superior
Anterior ethmoidal nerves (V1)

Postero-superior
Posterior superior alveolar (V2)

Antero-inferior
Anterior superior alveolar nerves (V2)

Postero-inferior
Greater palatine nerves (v2)

183
Q

Name the branches of the pterygopalatine ganglia that provide a sensory innervation to the maxillary teeth and their supporting structures

A

Nasopalatine and greater palatine nerves

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