Theme 1 anatomy

Question 1

function of bones

Answer 1

support, act as levers, protection, calcium store

Question 2

ligaments

Answer 2

bones join to strengthen joints

Question 3

tendons

Answer 3

connect muscle to bone

Question 4

what is function of lymphatic system

Answer 4

transport fat
antibiotic manufacture
drainage

Question 5

what are the lymphatic drainage mechanisms

Answer 5

negative thoracic pressure, vessel contraction, valve and muscle pumps

Question 6

what is the clinal importance of the lymphatic system

Answer 6

drainage patterns are consistent so are predictive of infection spread
can be predictive of tumour spread

Question 7

what are the functions of the nervous system

Answer 7

receive sensory input
initiate & regulate behavior in response to an external stimuli
maintain homeostasis

Question 8

what are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system

Answer 8

central ns: brain and spinal cord

peripheral ns: peripheral nerves and ganglia

Question 9

what are peripheral nerves

Answer 9

bundles of myelinated axons- connects cns to other parts of the body

Question 10

what are ganglia

Answer 10

small clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside of the cns

Question 11

what is grey matter

Answer 11

nerve cell bodies & their processes including glia

Question 12

what are glial cells

Answer 12

cells in the ns that support, nourish, and protect neurons (provide insulation)

Question 13

what is white matter

Answer 13

nerve cell axons (+ glia)- connecting different parts of grey matter to eachother

Question 14

what are the anatomical divisions of the peripheral ns

Answer 14

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, afferent axons, efferent axons, somatic & autonomic ns

Question 15

what is the function of cranial nerves

Answer 15

connect brain to body

Question 16

what is the function of spinal nerves

Answer 16

connects spinal cord to body

Question 17

what do neurones of the somatic ns

Answer 17

skin, skeletal muscle, bones and joints

Question 18

what do neurones of the autonomic ns supply

Answer 18

glands, visceral, smooth muscle & cardiac muscle

Question 19

what cranial are sensory only

Answer 19

olfactory (I)
optic (II)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Question 20

what cranial nerves are motor only

Answer 20

oculomotor (III)
trochlear (IV) 
abducent (VI) 
accessory (XI)
hypoglossal (XII)

Question 21

what cranial nerves are both motor and sensory nerves?

Answer 21

trigeminal (V)
facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)

Question 22

what do the spinal nerves exit through

Answer 22

intervertebral foramen

Question 23

when excited what do spinal nerves divide into

Answer 23

anterior and posterior rami

Question 24

what do anterior rami supply

Answer 24

mixed sensory and motor nerves to the lateran and ant aspects of the trunk and all the upper and lower limbs

Question 25

what do posterior rami supply

Answer 25

mixed sensory and motor nerves to structures at the back of the head

Question 26

what is a plexus

Answer 26

network of nerves- branching and rejoining pattern

Question 27

cervical plexus root values

Answer 27

formed by anterior rami C1-C4

Question 28

brachial plexus root values

Answer 28

formed by anterior rami of C5-T1

Question 29

what is the role of the somatic nervous system

Answer 29

controls voluntary movement connects cns to body wall, skin, skeletal muscle and joints regulates response to external stimuli

Question 30

what is the autonomic ns

Answer 30

part of peripheral ns that controls the glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

Question 31

what are the two components of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 31

1. motor component (controls smooth muscle, contractions of viscera, blood vessels and secretions of glands 2.autonomic sensory component (provides feedback for cns control of viscera, vessels and glands)

Question 32

what are the functions of the ANS?

Answer 32

connects cns to glands, smooth and cardiac muscles regulates responses to internal stimuli functions to maintain homeostasis (mostly under reflex control)

Question 33

what is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 33

``` decrease heart rate increase gut motility increase saliva dilates blood vessels in the skin constricts pupil ```

Question 34

what is the function of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 34

``` constricts blood vessels increase heart rate decrease gut motility release adrenaline from adrenal medulla dilates pupil ```

Question 35

what type of outflow does the sns have

Answer 35

thoracolumbar | preganglionic axons leave between T1 & L3

Question 36

what type of outflow does the psns have

Answer 36

craniosacral | preganglionic axons leave brain and sacral spinal cord

Question 37

why are SNS preganglionic axons shorter than PSNS

Answer 37

the ganglia are located close to the spinal cord | its post ganglionic axons are longer

Question 38

what are the functions of the skull

Answer 38

``` encloses & protects the brain attachment of muscles jaw for biting and chewing respiratory skeleton protects ear protects eye protects organ of smell ```

Question 39

what does supraorbital fo transmit

Answer 39

supraorbital vessels and nerves

Question 40

what does infraorbital fo transmit

Answer 40

infraorbital vessels and nerves

Question 41

what does the mental fo transmit

Answer 41

mental vessels and nerves

Question 42

what does the carotid canal transmit

Answer 42

internal carotid artery and carotid plexus

Question 43

what does the stylomastoid fo transmit

Answer 43

facial n

Question 44

what does jugular fo transmit

Answer 44

9, 10, 11 int jug vein

Question 45

what does fo ovale transmit

Answer 45

v3

Question 46

what does fo spinosum transmit

Answer 46

middle meningeal a

Question 47

what does hypoglossal canal transmit

Answer 47

CN XII

Question 48

what structures does brachial plexus supply

Answer 48

all upper limb structures

Question 49

what structures does the cervical plexus supply

Answer 49

structures in the anterior and lateral regions of the neck

Question 50

what is the structure of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 50

parasympathetic ns : brain and spinal cord (motor neurones) | sympathetic ns: thoracic & lumbar spinal cord

Question 51

what vessel supplies deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the RV

Answer 51

pulmonary artery

Question 52

what vessel supplies oxygenated blood from the lung to the LA

Answer 52

pulmonary vein

Question 53

what vessel carries oxygenated blood to the left ventricle

Answer 53

aorta

Question 54

what vessel supplies oxygenated blood to the liver

Answer 54

descending aorta

Question 55

what vessel supplies deoxygenated blood to the RA

Answer 55

sup vena cava