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Theme 6 Anatomy Flashcards

(126 cards)

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1
Q

what is the pharynx

A

a funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that is a common area for air and food passages

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2
Q

what are the four basic layers of the pharyngeal wall (same as the rest of the gut)

A

areolar coat
muscular coar
submucous
mucous

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3
Q

what does the areolar coat cover

A

the exterior of pharynx
continuous with fascia over buccinator
envelopes sup constrictor

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4
Q

what does the muscular coat cover

A

semi-circular and longitudinal muscles

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5
Q

what does submucous coat do

A

anchors the pharynx to the base of the skull at a U-shaped attachment

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6
Q

what does the mucous coat do

A

coats internal aspect of the pharynx

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7
Q

what are the semicircular muscles

A

superior/middle/inferior constrictor

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8
Q

what are the longitudinal muscles (internal layer)

A

stylopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus

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9
Q

what are they types of fascia

A

buccopharyngeal

pharyngobasilar

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10
Q

what does the buccopharyngeal fascia do

A

forms distinct layer up to post part of the buccinator

envelopes sup pharyngeal constrictor

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11
Q

what are pharyngobasilar fasica attachments

A 
pharyngeal tubercle 
petrous temporal bone 
cartilaginous part of auditory tube 
post border of medial ptyergoid
int layer lines pharyngeal constrictors
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12
Q

what are the 2 inferior constrictor muscles

A

thyropharyngeus

cricopharyngeus

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13
Q

what are the 3 functional divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngeal pharynx

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14
Q

what is contained in the nasopharynx

A

opening of auditory tube

salpingopharyngeal fold pharyngeal recess

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15
Q

what is contained in the oropharynx

A

palatine tonsil
palatopharyngeal fold
palatoglossal fold

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16
Q

what is contained in the laryngeal pharynx

A

piriform fossa

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17
Q

where may an inhaled incisor tooth lodge

A

in the piriform fossa, larynx or vallecula

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18
Q

what muscle is the palatopharyngeus joined by when it passes downwards

A

salpingopharyngeus

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19
Q

which muscle passes downwards between sup and middle constrictors

A

stylopharyngeus

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20
Q

what are the tonsils in waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

A

tubal
pharyngeal
palatine
lingual

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21
Q

what is the main innervation for the pharynx

A 
pharyngeal plexus 
(contains axons from IX, X, XI) except stylopharyngues
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22
Q

what is the motor innervation for stylopharyngeus

A

CNIX

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23
Q

what is the main sensory supply for pharynx

A

CNIX

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24
Q

what is the sensory innervation for soft palate and pharyngeal roof

A

V2

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25
what is the sensory innervation for the area around the laryngeal inlet
CNX
26
what is the arterial blood supply for the pharynx
inferior thyroid artery superior thyroid artery ascending pharyngeal artery
27
of what larger artery is the inf thyroid artery a branch
thyrocervical trunk
28
what are the veins involved in venous drainage of the pharynx
int jugular vein | pharyngeal venous plexus
29
what are the elevators of the soft palate
levator veli palatini | tensor veli palatini
30
what are the depressors of the soft palate
palatoglossal muscle | palatopharyngeus muscle
31
what are the function of the soft palate in swallowing
during swallowing sp raised to prevent food/liquid entering nasal cavity soft palate closure needs to be complete during swallowing
32
what is the function of soft palate in speech
its position controls degree of nasalisation of sounds | soft palate closure is rare during speech
33
what is sensory innervation of the soft palate
lesser palatine nerve (br of V2)
34
what is the sensory innervation of the hard palate
greater palatine nerve nasopalatine nerve (br of V2)
35
what is the sensor innervation of palatal gingivae
1-3 nasopalatine n 4-8 greater palatine n (br of V2)
36
what is the motor innervation to muscles of soft palate
pharyngeal plexus except tensor veli palitini
37
tensor veli is the exception, what is its motor innervation
V3
38
describe the clinical anatomy of the soft palate
Location of 'vibrating line' Importance of rugae (ridges) Location of incisive fossa (burning mouth syndrome) Palatal innervation
39
what bones is the hard palate formed by
palatine process of maxilla | horizontal plate of palatine bone
40
what are the key anatomical landmarks of the hard and soft palate relevant to the correct fitting of dental prosthesis
incisive fossa rugae vibrating line
41
what is the sensory supply to the hard palate
greater palatine nasopalatine (br of V2)
42
what is the vertebral level of the larynx
C3 to C6
43
what are the 3 function of the larynx
``` air passage (links pharynx to trachea sphincter (prevent food in pharynx enter air passage ) organ of phonation ```
44
is the larynx open or closed when air passes through
open
45
is the larynx open or closed when it acts a sphincter
closed
46
is the larynx open or closed when it acts as an organ of phonation
half open
47
what are the paired laryngeal cartilages of larynx
thyroid epiglottis cricoid
48
what are the unpaired cartilages of larynx
arytenoid corniculate cuneiform
49
what are the features of the thyroid cartilage
thyroid prominence (adams apple) thyroid notch sup & inf horns oblique line
50
at what vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage found
C6
51
what features are found on the cricoid cartilage
lamina arch cricoid lumen
52
features of arytenoid cartilage
apex vocal process muscular process
53
what is the function of corniculate cartilages
extend length of apical processes
54
what are the extrinsic laryngeal membranes
thyrohyoid - hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage | cricotracheal- cricoid cart to 1st tracheal ring
55
what are the intrinsic laryngeal membranes
cricothyroid (conus elasticus) | aryepiglottic (quadrangular membrane)
56
what are the laryngeal cavities
supraglottic (vestibule) ventricle infraglottic (correct order shown)
57
what are the joints formed in the larynx
cricothyroid joint | cricoarytenoid joint
58
what type of joints of these joints in the larynx
synovial
59
explain the movement and function at the cricothyroid joint
rotation and some gliding | lengthen and shorten vocal folds
60
explain the movement and function at the cricoarytenoid joint
rocking and sliding open & close vocal folds (abduct/addcut)
61
what does the incisive fossa/fo. transmit
nasopalatine nerve
62
what does the greater palatine fo. transmit
greater palatine nerve and vessels
63
what does the lesser palatine fo. transmit
lesser palatine nerve and vessels
64
what are the muscles controlling the laryngeal inlet
aryepiglottic | thyroepiglottic
65
what are the muscles cause adduction of the vocal folds
lateral cricoarytenoid | interarytenoid
66
what muscles causes abduction of the vocal folds
posterior cricoarytenoid
67
what muscle causes the vocal folds to lengthen
cricothyroid
68
what muscles cause the vocal folds to shorten
thyroarytenoid
69
which 2 nerves provide motor innervation to the larynx
recurrent laryngeal | external laryngeal branch of sup laryngeal
70
the recurrent laryngeal n is motor to all but one intrinsic muscle of the larynx, which muscle is this? what is its innervation?
cricothyroid muscle ext laryngeal nerve
71
what is the sensory innervation for the vocal folds and above
internal laryngeal n
72
what is the sensory innervation below the vocal folds
recurrent laryngeal n
73
what is the true vocal fold
laryngeal landmark that separates the internal laryngeal branch of superior laryngeal nerve & the recurrent laryngeal nerve
74
explain the spincteric role of the larynx
``` ingestion of foreign bodies protective during swallowing role in protective reflexes fixation of thorax regulation of abdominal pressure (micturition, defaecation, parturition) ```
75
explain what happens in voice production- phonation
``` vocal folds adducted during expiration pressure rises vocal folds abduct and air is released vocal folds adduct and cycle repeats pitch and loudness can be varied ```
76
what nerve is superior laryngeal a branch of
vagus
77
what br does the superior laryngeal n give rise to?
internal laryngeal | external laryngeal
78
is the internal laryngeal n sensory or motor
sensory
79
is the ext laryngeal muscle sensory or motor
motor (innervates the cricothyroid)
80
outline the steps in the cough release after the presence of a foreign body entering the supraglottic cavity
detection by sensory receptor which is relayed to the brain deep inspiration & vocal fold adduct (close) increase in thoracic pressure by forceful expiration against closed vocal folds pressure below vocal folds rises & eventually vocal folds abducted (opened) this will dislodge the foreign body by rapid rise in air pressure
81
outline the events of swallowing
oral voluntary stage- bolus formed and passed to oropharynx pharyngeal involuntary stage- bolus passes over epiglottis and through piriform fossa, while the airways are closed. in the oesophageal stage- bolus passes through the oesophagus
82
what are the muscles involved in the oral phase of swallowing
intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue elevators and depressors od palate suprahyoid muscles
83
what are the muscles involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing
pharyngeal constrictors pharyngeal elevators soft palate elevators muscles of laryngeal inlet
84
what are the other protective reflexes (apart from coughing) during ingestion of foreign bodies or swallowing
``` larynx raised (supra/infra hyoid muscles) epiglottis lowered passively laryngeal inlet closed vocal folds adducted ventilation suspended ```
85
what is the basi-occiput
bone in the base of the skull immediately in front of the foramen magnum
86
of which bone is the basi-occiput apart of
the occipital bone
87
what structures are attached to the pharyngeal tubercle
pharyngeal raphe superior constrictor pharyngobasilar fascia
88
what is attached to the posterior edge of the medial pterygoid plate
superior fibres of sup constrictor inferiorly | pharyngobasilar fascia superiorly
89
what structure is attached to the tip of the hamulus
pterygomandibular raphe
90
what structure lies in the opening of the auditory tube
pharyngotympanic tube
91
where does the pharyngotympanic tube open in the neck
nasopharynx
92
what the functions of the constrictor muscles in the neck
control calibre (diameter) of the pharynx and the muscle tension in its walls are active during swallowing and speech
93
what is the function of the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
lower the soft palate
94
what is the function of the cricopharyngeal sphincter (part of the cricopharyngeus)
usually closed to prevent the ingestion of air into the stomach. during swallowing the sphincter opens to allow food and water to pass into the oesophagus
95
what lies in the margin surrounding the opening of the auditory tube
tonsillar tissue | tubular tonsil
96
what is the function of the salpingopharyngeal fold
it overlies the salpingopharyngeal muscle, a muscle that opens the auditory tube
97
what structures bound the piriform fossa
thyrohyoid membrane thyroid cartilages quadrangular membrane arytenoid cartilages
98
of what bone is the palatine process of maxilla apart of
maxilla
99
name the suture joining the palatine process of maxilla & horizontal plate of palatine bone
palatomaxillary suture
100
what are the functions of the tensor veli palitini and the levator veli palitini
palatal elevation tensor- lifts soft palate levator- raises the soft palate
101
what structures bound the vallecula
the lateral and median glossoepiglottic folds
102
importance of vibrating line in denture fittings
aligning the denture with vibrating line means they will not be displaced by movements of the soft palate
103
importance of rugae in denture fittings
complying with the rugae helps to ensure a good fit
104
importance of incisive fossa in denture fittings
taking care not to enroach on incisive fossa when taking impression will reduce the risk of pressure on the incisive nerve and consequent pain
105
at what vertebral level is thyroid cartilage found
C3-C4
106
of which joint is thyroid cartilage apart of
cricothyroid joint
107
name the muscles that attach to the oblique line
thyrohyoid sternothyroid thyropharyngeus
108
of what joint is the arytenoid cartilage apart of
cricoarytenoid joint
109
why is the piriform fossa important
it directs food and water from the lateral food channels into the oesophagus foreign bodies can lodge here
110
what spaces does the piriform fossa communicate with superiorly and inferiorly
sup- lateral food channels | inf- with lower part of laryngopharynx and oesophagus
111
what features of the larynx divide the larynx into cavities
false & true vocal folds vestibule above false vf infraglottic below true vf ventricle between false and true)
112
which vocal fold divides the larynx into territories for internal laryngeal branch of superior laryngeal nerve & the recurrent laryngeal nerve
true
113
what is the int laryngeal nerve sensory to
mucous membrane of cavity above the true vocal folds
114
what is the recurrent laryngeal sensory to
mucous membrane covering the true vocal folds and lining the infraglottic cavity below
115
what cartilages is the true vocal fold attached
arytenoid and thyroid
116
what does the true vocal fold consist of
vocal ligament and thyroarytenoid muscles centrally and a covering of the mucous membrane
117
what is the function of the false vocal fold
contains numerous glands that secrete mucous that protects the true vocal folds keeping them moist
118
what muscle opposes the action of the cricothyroid muscle
thyroarytenoid
119
what muscles oppose the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
lateral cricoarytenoid | oblique and transverse interarytenoid muscles
120
which muscle is located in the aryepiglottic fold
aryepiglottic muscle (closes the laryngeal inlet)
121
how does the innervation of the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve differ
left- loops round the aorta in the thorax | right- loops around the subclavian artery in the neck
122
which sensory nerves might trigger a cough reflex by detecting irritation of the mucous membrane lining the appropriate parts of the airway
internal laryngeal br of vagus recurrent laryngeal glossopharyngeal
123
what is the function of the epiglottis
cover laryngeal inlet | protects larynx from foreign bodies
124
what are the valleculae
spaces that lie anterior to the epiglottis separating it from the base of the tongue
125
what is the functional role of valleculae
main site of accumulation of food/liquid immediately prior to the initiation of a swallow high density of sensory nerve endings here triggering the onset of a swallow
126
how can you tell the difference between tensor veli palitini and levator veli palitini on a specimen
the one more anterior and deeper is tensor veli palitini

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