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Some other class > Global Studies - Rise & Fall Islam > Flashcards

Global Studies - Rise & Fall Islam Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Muhammad’s birth

A

Mecca

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2
Q

Muhammad’s revelations

A

meets the angel Gabriel, believed Allah had been partially revealed through Moses and Jesus, but that final revelations were now being given to him

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3
Q

Allah

A

god

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4
Q

Qur’an/Koran

A

holy scriptures of Islam, Muhammad’s revelations

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5
Q

‘Islam’

A

submission to the will of Allah

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6
Q

Hegira

A

flight of Muhammad and his supporters from Mecca to Medina (first date on Islamic calendar)

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7
Q

umma

A

first Muslim community of supporters

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8
Q

Ka’aba

A

sacred shrine of Islam (black box)

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9
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A

similar to Christianity’s Ten Commandments

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10
Q

Shari’a

A

Muslim code of law

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11
Q

rules of Shari’a

A

no gambling, no drinking, to eating pork, marriages arranged by parents, limited to four wives

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12
Q

caliph

A

‘successsor’ of Muhammad and leader of Islamic community

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13
Q

imam

A

religious leader

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14
Q

First Caliph (Abu Bakr)

A

Muhammad’s father in law and early supporter

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15
Q

razzia

A

raid to defeat enemies

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16
Q

jihad

A

striving in the way of the Lord, or holy war - to expand Islamic authority

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17
Q

Ali

A

becomes caliph, assassinated after 5 years

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18
Q

Mu’awiya

A

a caliph who makes leadership hereditary in the Umayyad family

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19
Q

First Pillar of Islam

A

Believe in Allah and in Muhammad as he is prophet

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20
Q

Second Pillar of Islam

A

Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca, + public prayer on Fridays

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21
Q

Third Pillar of Islam

A

Fast during the holy month of Ramadan

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22
Q

Fourth Pillar of Islam

A

Make a hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca once in your life

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23
Q

Fifth Pillar of Islam

A

Giving zakat - alms to the poor

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24
Q

Arabia Pre Islam

A
  • Bedouns
  • Sheikh
  • sheep herds
  • camels and caravans for trades
  • polytheistic but Allah is main god
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25
Bedouns
Nomadic peoples (Arabia pre Islam)
26
sheikh
Tribal leaders (Arabia Pre Islam)
27
Islam impact on Arabia
- polytheistic to monotheistic | - Ka’aba already sacred shrine to THE sacred shrine
28
Strengths of Arab Empire
- Powerful Bedouin cavalry (camels) - Skilled generals and motivated army - ongoing conflicts weakening
29
Battle of Tours
Charles Martel’s French Army stop Muslim advancement in Europe
30
Siege of Constantinople
Byzantine Empire defend their capital using Greek Fire to destroy Muslim defeat
31
Battle of Manzikart
Byz. defeat Gods(?) to call for crusades
32
Causes of Shi’ite Revolt
- Son of Ali, Hussein disputes the Umayyads’ legitimacy | - Favoritism towards Arab vs. non- Arab Muslims
33
Shi’ites mean
‘Partisans of Ali’
34
Effects of Shi’ite Revolt
- Schism between Shi’ite and Arab Muslims | - Schism lasting to modern day
35
Abbasid Dynasty
Established when Abu al-Abbas overthrows the Umayyads
36
Abbasid changes to Sunni Law
- All Muslims permitted to hold civil and military offices - intermarriage between Arabs and non- Arabs - Capital moved from Damascus to Baghdad - ideal citizens: judges, merchants, government officials
37
diwan
Advisory council (Abbasid Dynasty)
38
vizer
prime minister (Abbasid Dynasty)
39
Decline of Abbasid Government
- Caliphs become more autocratic - no spiritual authority - disputes between sons of caliphs - shortage of talented people - lives of luxury
40
Seljuk Turks
- Descendants of Xiongnu - Began as military mercenaries - conquer Baghdad
41
Women required to ‘guard their modesty’
covered face and body when appearing in society
42
Slavery in Islam
Muslims could not be enslaved, slaves can from non Muslim Africans or Asians
43
Baghdad’s ‘House of Wisdom’
Stored works by Greek philosophers
44
First ‘book culture’
Addasid society, cheap paper, block printing, and libraries
45
Ibn Sina / Avicenna
Physician and philosopher, developed medical encyclopedia
46
Change of ___ system
Number system, creation of algebra
47
Sufism
Feeling of their creator through dancing (whirling Derushes
48
Pre-Islamic Africa
- Pantheism | - lineage groups -> clans made to keep their ancestor's legacy
49
Islamic Impact on Africa
- Shift to monothiesm - greater social organizations as they are unified by one religion, Arabic writing system, Islamic Law - Africanized Islam
50
Empire of Mali
wealth derived from salt + gold
51
Mansa
local chieftans and religious leaders (Empire of Mali)
52
Timboktu
- Most famous Mali city - Founded as seasonal camp for traders - becomes major cultural center of West Africa under Mansa Musa
53
Kushan Kingdom (after Mauryans)
- controls northern India - Benefitted from trade along the Silk Road - Many Buddhist missionaries
54
Gupta Empire
- after Kushan Kingdom | - unifies most of India for a short-lived golden age
55
Developments in Buddhism
- Nirvana -> more concrete heavenly salvation - Siddhartha the man -> the being - Equal classes -> some are closer to Nirvana than before
56
(T vs M) Viewpoints of Buddhism
Thervada - original teachings | Mahayana - Buddhism is a religion & Buddha is a divine figure
57
(T vs M) Behavior
Thervada - strict personal behavior | Mahayana - believers can reach Nirvana through devotion
58
(T vs M) bodhisattava
Theravada - Siddhartha Gautama is the only bodhisattva | Mahayana - Salvation could come from intercession of a bodhisattva
59
(T vs M) How they view each other
Theravada - Mahayana ideas are “teachings of demons” | Mahayana - Theravada is too strict
60
Bodhisattvas
People with so much ‘bodhi’ that after death they choose to remain on earth as spirits to help others
61
Mahayana today
Replaced by Hinduism and Islam, still exists in China, Korea, and Japan
62
Theravada today
Only on Sri Lanka and in Southeast Asia
63
Buddhism Pre- Islam
- declined in popularity - upper class follows Theravada - lower class follows Mahayana
64
Islam impact on Buddhism
- Fights between Muslims and Buddhists - taxes on religion - mixing of beliefs / cultures
65
Brahmanism developed int o
Hinduism
66
Bhakti
Devotion and rituals as means to improve one’s karma (Hinduism)
67
Puja
Personal worship (Hinduism), more accessible to all people
68
Empire of Ghazni
Located after Kushan Kingdom, founded by Turkic- speaking slaves
69
Mahmoud Ghazni
wealth and culture rivialed the Abbasid Dynasty, introduced and spread Islam into India
70
Genghis Khan
Leader of Mongols, conquer ____ and destroy Abbasid caliphate
71
Hinduism Pre- Islam
- Karma/Dharma - polytheistic - goal to unite with Brahman - strict social class
72
Islam impact on Hinduism
- Fighting - Hindu’s can keep religion but must pay tribute - Hindu’s adapt purdah - use horses >elephants - no social classes
73
Purdah
Keep women in seclusion (Islam/Hinduism)
74
Sikhism
- Combines beliefs of Hinduism + Islam | - brings people closer together
75
Nanak
Founder of Sikhism
76
Ruling Muslim classes turn into ___ Indian social class
Brahmins and Kshatriyas
77
Indians who convert to Islam
Form Muslim castes, but at lower level

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