Globalisation Flashcards

Question

the radicals

Answer 1

•agree w neoliberals in seeing gl as essentially the global spread of cap. but they see it as neg. •often ass. w marxism and world systems theory •econ. gl seen as spreading globally an econ. system which impoverishes many and, bcs it is based in high consumption, non sustainable - believe gl widens the gap between rich and poor - even if some countries benefit, rick countries will benefit more

Answer 2

•a global system based on structural violence - term used by galtung (1969) to describe the way in which, even in peaceful societies, a group can be exploited by the systematic denial of their rights - condemns parts of the south to poverty and stagnation

Answer 3

•as cultural imperialism - the imposition of western cultural values on non western cultures, and the consequent undermining of local cultures and cultural independence •gl is seen as leading though a process of global homogenisation (removal of cultural diff. so all cultures are increasingly similar) to a single global culture based on amer/western culture

Answer 4

•a deepening intensification of long-standing trends •cap. began its global expansion centuries ago but is now completely dominant •new - tnc’s supported by igo’s have replaced developed nations as the driving forces of these changes - new world order that’s emerging seems like a disorder - north cannot be safe and secure as long as its wealth is based on intensifying pov. in south

Answer 5

•e.g. cohen and kennedy (2012) - see gl as a v important develop. but disagree w both neoliberals and radicals on several grounds >gl may not be unstoppable - may even slow down or go in reverse >may be possible for ppl and countess to reject some neg. aspects of gl while embracing the more pos. aspects >far from creating homogenous global culture, meeting of diff cultures creates new hybrids (hybridisation - creation of a new third hybrid culture when aspects of 2 diff cultures combine) - seen as creating greater diversity and more vibrant, exciting cultures >reverse cultural flows mean that developing world influences culture from west >world is still unequal but gl is transforming old hierarchies of north/south and first/third world

Answer 6

•far from complete - still many national companies and even large corporations have clear national bases and so a re more properly mncs than tncs •even if nat. govs have more control over their econs than in past, regional groups of gov (e.g. eu) can provide some protection for workers and insist on basic rights, placing limits on power of tnc’s

Answer 7

•hirst and thompson (1999) argue that econ. gl is a myth •outlining ideal types of international econ. and global econ, they argue the one is still much closer to world econ. •although there is greater econ. activity, h+t see no ev if a fully develop. global econ. system •global econ. downturn since 2008 may have slowed down econ. gl further

Answer 8

•govs still have considerable scope to influence develops. and it is national govs that are entering into agreements that create international organisations •nat. govs still wage wars and raise taxes, more countries have adopted trapping of lib. democracy however west still tolerate undemocratic regimes as long as they are on their side - has also been progress w decline in no. of dictatorships/authoritarian regimes and a rise in the no. of democracies

Answer 9

•led to asserting strong national, ethnic and religious identities •e.g. can be argued that islamic fundamentalism is a reaction to westernisation but knees that themselves make use of some aspects of gl - using internet for propaganda and recruitment

Answer 10

•put forward by mcgrew (2004) - argues that although nation states are not in terminal decline, plenty of ev of transformation of politics w develop. of global decision making structures and also diffusion of power •way in which pls achieve politics has changed - more global and internat. movements and organisations at same time as trad. pol. activities •problems that ppl face increasingly require both global and local change, pol. changing reflect this

Answer 11

•if econ gl does mean a much reduced role of nation states (claimed by neolibs) then idea that this also means greater democracy is questionable •while citizens at be able to join parties and vote as no. of lib democracies grow, politicians they vote for are no longer able to take rly important decisions - taken by tnc’s whose leaders are not elected and are accountable to only shareholders - greater democracy may not be as apparent

Answer 12

•hard to avoid western culture anywhere in world now - giant media and communication corporations are all based in north •cultural flow is not always one way from north to south - bollywood and asian film industries challenge supremacy of hollywood in global media, migration of immigrants mean that southern culture have sig. presences within developed countries w cultural products of developing world often highly valued

Answer 13

•while some welcome western/american culture, some actively resist it •west culture can be seen as degrading/destroying local cultures and creating a generation gap as young ppl embrace it while the older gen reject it •some counties vigorously oppose western cultural values, turing to rel. fundamentalism (iran) or isolationism (nk)

Answer 14

•gl unsettles ppls sm that they retreat to old familiar values simply as a way of making sense of a world that seems out of control

Answer 15

•new hybrids in which non-western cultures can survive in a new form •encounters between cultures can create ‘third cultures’ in which aspects of diff cultures are combined •trad. may also be kept alive/resurrected for tourists whom highly value what they take to be an authentic cultural exp. - may only be presented w simplified version of an aspect of a culture or one removed from original context, can still promote sense of value if one’s own culture and culture of others

Answer 16

•a unprecedented level of difference and variety w the variety extended by hybridisation and reverse culture flows - seen in range of foods and type of music available •at same time, unprecedented level of cultural homogenisation

Answer 17

•neolib case - everyone can benefit in the long run, gl will bring econ. growth to whole world, initially likely to create inequalities but eventually living standards will be higher >argue that poor are missing out bcs they are not get sufficiently integrated into global econ.

Answer 18

•radical persp. - neg. effects seem to outweigh any advantage - failed to deliver peave and prosperity and econ. stability, progress toward develop. been slow, growth of consumerism that is part of gl leading to growing enviro problems >those that benefit - sklair (1995) calls ‘transnational capitalist class - global ruling class no longer tied to national boundaries, has been ques. whether these ppl have enough in common to act together as a class >klein argues that gl is a project by tnc’s to further their own interests and profits >cohen and kennedy (2012) - gl has created both ‘gl winners’ (increase power and privilege) and ‘gl losers’ (missed out)

Answer 19

•growing gap between rich and poor, secure and excluded •growing enviro problems bcs of spread of consumerism

Answer 20

•loose network of groups and orgs. globally opposing neolib. econ. gl since at least 1995 •attracted global media att. w demonstrations at wto meeting 1999 •bcs of disparite nature, moment lacks coherent programme but is broadly in favour of decisions being taken locally rather than imposed by ‘experts’ •does take advantage of possibilities of cooperating globally using internet and other global telecommunications

Answer 21

•nothing is inevitable abt gl, it is coming to an end •sees gl as product of 2 factors - relative peace of post cold war period and simultaneous availability of cheap energy resources, part. oil - both factors now fading (us troops involved in wars and west under continuous threat of islamic terrorism - oil reserves limited and much of oil remaining in control by states that are hostile to west) - west’s oil led lifestyle has v limited future so views gl as imminent to end

Answer 22

•gl reached it’s high point in mid 1990s w creation of wto but then being challenged by a reclaiming of power by some nation states from supposedly all-powerful econ. forces e.g malaysia broke all neolib rules to escape asian crisis 1997, counties is south amer. and elsewhere have elected govs who oppose gl •sees pos signs of more benign aspects of gl emerging as neoliberalism retreats, in non-econ. internat. treaties and setting up of internat. criminal court

Answer 23

•effects everywhere, even slowed growth in china •wealthier nations became preoccupied with own econs, global trade fell •some aspects of gl seem likely to continue - global communications, internet and social media have made possible global actions and seem unlikely to be reversed •transformationalists see these as opening up possibilities for ensuring that the ‘global losers’ can also benefit

Answer 24

•fatalistic - ppl believe they’re powerless to resist it, most leaders in western world suggest it’s inevitable and irreversible- disguises the fact that forces of gl econ. advantage they countries •welcoming - sen (2002), gl a hope for all humanity and that techno-scientific rev can help liberate humanity >pinker (2004) - gl reduces war and conflict >cohen and kennedy - local captures the global and this hybridisation turn into acceptable forms of local culture •resistance - reassertion of local identities as it is seen as violating old identities - rise of nationalism is simply reactions to ppl under overwhelming pressure

Globalisation Flashcards

(48 cards)