Globalisation and Migration Flashcards

(62 cards)

1
Q

What is Globalisation becoming?

A

Barriers are disappearing, making people more interconnected nationally

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2
Q

What produced Globalisation?

A

Growth of the global media and the fall of Communism

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3
Q

What changes is Globalisation making?

A

Increased international migration

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4
Q

How has there been a speeding up of migration?

A

In 2010, over 1 million people entered or left the UK

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5
Q

What is another term for the speeding up of migration?

A

Acceleration

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6
Q

What types of migrants exist?

A
  • Permanent settlers
  • Temporary workers
  • Spouses
  • Forced migrants
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7
Q

Who are forced migrants?

A

Refugees and Asylum seekers

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8
Q

How is Globalisation increasing the diversity of types of migrants?

A

In 2019/20 -
There were over 140,000 Chinese-born students studying in UK Universities

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9
Q

What is another term for the diversity of migrants?

A

Differentiation

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10
Q

How are some migrants different from eachother?

A

Some may have legal entitlement, others may illegally enter the country

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11
Q

Who talks about Super Diversity?

A

Steven Vertovec

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12
Q

What does Vertovec argue about Super Diversity?

A

Globalisation has produced this

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13
Q

How has Super Diversity changed Globalisation?

A

Migrants come from any ethnic group and differ in terms of legal status

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14
Q

How do Migrants differ in legal status?

A

Some may be a citizen or be on a spouse visa

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15
Q

In the modern day, are the same ethnic groups bunched in 1 area?

A

No - they may be divided by culture/religion and be widely dispersed throughout the UK

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16
Q

Who identifies the class differences among migrants?

A

Robin Cohen

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17
Q

What does Robin Cohen distinguish?

A

There are 3 types of migrants

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of migrants?

A
  • Citizens
  • Denizens
  • Helots
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19
Q

What is a citizen?

A

Those with full citizenship rights

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20
Q

What are Denizens?

A

Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state

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21
Q

What are Helots?

A

The most exploited group in terms of labour

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22
Q

How are Helots described?

A

‘Disposable units of labour power’

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23
Q

What are Helots found in?

A

Poorly unskilled paid work

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24
Q

What is the Globalisation of the gender division of labour?

A

More female migrants than male

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25
What is another word for the Female globalisation?
The feminisation of migration
26
What is the Feminisation of Migration?
Where female migrants are slotted into patriarchal stereotypes of women's roles
27
What are the patriarchal women's roles?
Carers or providers of sexual services
28
What do Ehrenreich and Hochschild observe?
Care, domestic and sex work is done by poor foreign women in the West
29
What trends encourage the Feminisation of Migration?
- Western men/women unwilling to do domestic labour - Expansion of service careers in US - Failure of state to provide adequate childcare
30
What is evidence that women are still slotted into these patriarchal career stereotypes in the UK?
Isabel Shutes reports that 40% of nurses are migrants
31
How is there a global transfer of women's emotional labour?
Migrant nannies in service occupations whilst abandoning their children back home
32
How do some migrant women enter the country?
Through 'mail order' brides or illegal trafficked sex workers
33
How are Migrant identities shown?
Through religion, ethnicity, nationality and more
34
What identities may some migrants develop?
Hybrid Identities
35
How are Hybrid identities portrayed?
Through having trouble on how exactly to identify oneself
36
What did John Eade find out?
Bengali Muslims created Hierarchical identities
37
What are Hierarchical identities?
They saw themselves as Muslims first, then Bengali, then British
38
What are the struggles of those with Hybrid identities?
Others may challenge their identity by saying "You're not really one of us" or accuse them of not "fitting in"
39
Who argues about Transnational Identities?
Thomas Erikson (2007)
40
What does Thomas Erikson argue, in short?
Globalisation -> more people moving back + forth, instead of perm staying there
41
How may migrants develop transnational 'neither/nor' identities?
Less likely to see themselves as belonging completely to 1 culture due to moving around a lot
42
How is sustaining global ties also emphasised?
Through modern technology
43
What does Eriksen find out in Rome?
Chinese migrants use Mandarin > Italian as its more important for global connections for everyday life
44
What are Migrants less likely to do in a globalised world?
Assimilate into the host culture
45
How have states tried to control immigration through policies?
Assimilationism and Multiculturalism
46
What have immigration policies become linked with more recently?
National Security and anti-terrorism policies
47
What is Assimilationism?
To encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs to make them more 'like us'
48
What does Eriksen note the problem is with Assimilationism?
Those with Hybrid Identities may not be willing to leave their culture behind
49
What is Multiculturalism?
People can keep their own separate cultural identity
50
But, why is Multiculturalism duplicitous?
Only the small, surface level parts of culture (like food/clothes) are usually accepted
51
What does Multiculturalism not accept?
It does not accept the deeper, serious parts (family traditional or religious rules)
52
What does Eriksen distinguish for Multiculturalism?
Deep diversity and Shallow diversity
53
What is Shallow diversity?
The government only accepts small and easy things to accept in other people's culture
54
What is Deep diversity?
The government may not support certain cultural practices:
55
What does the government not accept?
Arranged marriages and the veiling of women
56
What is the critique of Multiculturalism?
Educational multicultural policies celebrate shallow diversity = Tokenism - Only celebrate the fun, easy side but does not address/solve migrant's real problems like racism + discrimination
57
What does Castle argue about assimilationist policies?
They are counter productive as they label other minority groups as culturally backward
58
What is the effect of the assimilation policies labelling minority groups as 'culturally backward'?
Minorities emphasise their differences -> Accused of an 'enemy within' -> Promotes Anti-terrorism -> Marginalisation
59
What is ironic about assimilationist policies?
People feel like they don't fit in due to vague promises, defeating the goal of assimilation
60
What is the downside of assimilationist ideas for the wider society?
Encourages workers to blame migrants for societal issues such as unemployment and higher taxes
61
Who does Assimilation benefit?
Capitalism
62
Why do Castles and Kosack argue that Assimilation benefits Capitalism?
It creates a racially divided working class, as they are unable to form a workers mutiny