Globalisation and Migration

Question 1

What is Globalisation becoming?

Answer 1

Barriers are disappearing, making people more interconnected nationally

Question 2

What produced Globalisation?

Answer 2

Growth of the global media and the fall of Communism

Question 3

What changes is Globalisation making?

Answer 3

Increased international migration

Question 4

How has there been a speeding up of migration?

Answer 4

In 2010, over 1 million people entered or left the UK

Question 5

What is another term for the speeding up of migration?

Answer 5

Acceleration

Question 6

What types of migrants exist?

Answer 6

• Permanent settlers
• Temporary workers
• Spouses
• Forced migrants

Question 7

Who are forced migrants?

Answer 7

Refugees and Asylum seekers

Question 8

How is Globalisation increasing the diversity of types of migrants?

Answer 8

In 2019/20 -
There were over 140,000 Chinese-born students studying in UK Universities

Question 9

What is another term for the diversity of migrants?

Answer 9

Differentiation

Question 10

How are some migrants different from eachother?

Answer 10

Some may have legal entitlement, others may illegally enter the country

Question 11

Who talks about Super Diversity?

Answer 11

Steven Vertovec

Question 12

What does Vertovec argue about Super Diversity?

Answer 12

Globalisation has produced this

Question 13

How has Super Diversity changed Globalisation?

Answer 13

Migrants come from any ethnic group and differ in terms of legal status

Question 14

How do Migrants differ in legal status?

Answer 14

Some may be a citizen or be on a spouse visa

Question 15

In the modern day, are the same ethnic groups bunched in 1 area?

Answer 15

No - they may be divided by culture/religion and be widely dispersed throughout the UK

Question 16

Who identifies the class differences among migrants?

Answer 16

Robin Cohen

Question 17

What does Robin Cohen distinguish?

Answer 17

There are 3 types of migrants

Question 18

What are the 3 types of migrants?

Answer 18

• Citizens
• Denizens
• Helots

Question 19

What is a citizen?

Answer 19

Those with full citizenship rights

Question 20

What are Denizens?

Answer 20

Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state

Question 21

What are Helots?

Answer 21

The most exploited group in terms of labour

Question 22

How are Helots described?

Answer 22

‘Disposable units of labour power’

Question 23

What are Helots found in?

Answer 23

Poorly unskilled paid work

Question 24

What is the Globalisation of the gender division of labour?

Answer 24

More female migrants than male

Question 25

What is another word for the Female globalisation?

Answer 25

The feminisation of migration

Question 26

What is the Feminisation of Migration?

Answer 26

Where female migrants are slotted into patriarchal stereotypes of women's roles

Question 27

What are the patriarchal women's roles?

Answer 27

Carers or providers of sexual services

Question 28

What do Ehrenreich and Hochschild observe?

Answer 28

Care, domestic and sex work is done by poor foreign women in the West

Question 29

What trends encourage the Feminisation of Migration?

Answer 29

- Western men/women unwilling to do domestic labour - Expansion of service careers in US - Failure of state to provide adequate childcare

Question 30

What is evidence that women are still slotted into these patriarchal career stereotypes in the UK?

Answer 30

Isabel Shutes reports that 40% of nurses are migrants

Question 31

How is there a global transfer of women's emotional labour?

Answer 31

Migrant nannies in service occupations whilst abandoning their children back home

Question 32

How do some migrant women enter the country?

Answer 32

Through 'mail order' brides or illegal trafficked sex workers

Question 33

How are Migrant identities shown?

Answer 33

Through religion, ethnicity, nationality and more

Question 34

What identities may some migrants develop?

Answer 34

Hybrid Identities

Question 35

How are Hybrid identities portrayed?

Answer 35

Through having trouble on how exactly to identify oneself

Question 36

What did John Eade find out?

Answer 36

Bengali Muslims created Hierarchical identities

Question 37

What are Hierarchical identities?

Answer 37

They saw themselves as Muslims first, then Bengali, then British

Question 38

What are the struggles of those with Hybrid identities?

Answer 38

Others may challenge their identity by saying "You're not really one of us" or accuse them of not "fitting in"

Question 39

Who argues about Transnational Identities?

Answer 39

Thomas Erikson (2007)

Question 40

What does Thomas Erikson argue, in short?

Answer 40

Globalisation -> more people moving back + forth, instead of perm staying there

Question 41

How may migrants develop transnational 'neither/nor' identities?

Answer 41

Less likely to see themselves as belonging completely to 1 culture due to moving around a lot

Question 42

How is sustaining global ties also emphasised?

Answer 42

Through modern technology

Question 43

What does Eriksen find out in Rome?

Answer 43

Chinese migrants use Mandarin > Italian as its more important for global connections for everyday life

Question 44

What are Migrants less likely to do in a globalised world?

Answer 44

Assimilate into the host culture

Question 45

How have states tried to control immigration through policies?

Answer 45

Assimilationism and Multiculturalism

Question 46

What have immigration policies become linked with more recently?

Answer 46

National Security and anti-terrorism policies

Question 47

What is Assimilationism?

Answer 47

To encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs to make them more 'like us'

Question 48

What does Eriksen note the problem is with Assimilationism?

Answer 48

Those with Hybrid Identities may not be willing to leave their culture behind

Question 49

What is Multiculturalism?

Answer 49

People can keep their own separate cultural identity

Question 50

But, why is Multiculturalism duplicitous?

Answer 50

Only the small, surface level parts of culture (like food/clothes) are usually accepted

Question 51

What does Multiculturalism not accept?

Answer 51

It does not accept the deeper, serious parts (family traditional or religious rules)

Question 52

What does Eriksen distinguish for Multiculturalism?

Answer 52

Deep diversity and Shallow diversity

Question 53

What is Shallow diversity?

Answer 53

The government only accepts small and easy things to accept in other people's culture

Question 54

What is Deep diversity?

Answer 54

The government may not support certain cultural practices:

Question 55

What does the government not accept?

Answer 55

Arranged marriages and the veiling of women

Question 56

What is the critique of Multiculturalism?

Answer 56

Educational multicultural policies celebrate shallow diversity = Tokenism - Only celebrate the fun, easy side but does not address/solve migrant's real problems like racism + discrimination

Question 57

What does Castle argue about assimilationist policies?

Answer 57

They are counter productive as they label other minority groups as culturally backward

Question 58

What is the effect of the assimilation policies labelling minority groups as 'culturally backward'?

Answer 58

Minorities emphasise their differences -> Accused of an 'enemy within' -> Promotes Anti-terrorism -> Marginalisation

Question 59

What is ironic about assimilationist policies?

Answer 59

People feel like they don't fit in due to vague promises, defeating the goal of assimilation

Question 60

What is the downside of assimilationist ideas for the wider society?

Answer 60

Encourages workers to blame migrants for societal issues such as unemployment and higher taxes

Question 61

Who does Assimilation benefit?

Answer 61

Capitalism

Question 62

Why do Castles and Kosack argue that Assimilation benefits Capitalism?

Answer 62

It creates a racially divided working class, as they are unable to form a workers mutiny