Glossary

Question 1

fixed time period during which development is suspended due to regularly occurring detrimental environmental conditions, for example dormancy to survive the winter

Answer 1

diapause

Question 2

process of exit of the nematode larvae from the egg and end point of hatching

Answer 2

eclosion

Question 3

nematode egg containing fully developed larvae

Answer 3

embryonated egg

Question 4

process of development of the embryo from the starting nucleic acid into frist stage larvae that occurs inside the nematode egg

Answer 4

embryonation

Question 5

animal in which every microorganism present is defined, for example germ-free mice, humanised mice, monoclonised mice

Answer 5

gnotobiotic animal

Question 6

• extracellular fluid in the nematode egg that surrounds the embryo
• it is a nutritional source, contains protective antioxidants, and serves as a defence mechanism against polyspermy

Answer 6

perivitelline fluid

Question 7

rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the pharynx and pharyngeal muscle in nematodes

Answer 7

pharyngeal pumping

Question 8

• regions at the extremes of some nematode eggs composed of aggregates of lipoprotein-bound chitin
• partially dissolved and opened during the hatching process, allowing the exit of the larvae

Answer 8

polar or opercular plug

Question 9

group of intestinal parasitic nematode species that are transmitted through eggs or larvae that contaminate the environment

Answer 9

soil-transmitted helminths (STHs)

Question 10

group of STHs

Answer 10

1. roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides)
2. whipworms (Trichuris trichiura)
3. hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale)
4. threadworms (Strongyloides sterocoralis)

Question 11

• in some nematodes, a sharp, tongue-like, oral projection that can be thrust repeatedly to make cuts in the eggshell and polar plugs
• or used to penetrate cell walls and membranes for feeding

Answer 11

stylet

Question 12

control strategy in which hatching inducers are applied to the environment, causing nematode egg hatching in the absence of the host

Answer 12

suicidal hatching

Question 13

control strategy in which a nonhost plant is planted alongside a cash crop to offer protection

Answer 13

trap cropping

Question 14

used as a more attractive decoy to induce hatching and lure parasites away from the cash crop

Answer 14

trap crop

Question 15

undeveloped nematode egg containing acellular nucleic acids

Answer 15

unembryonated egg

Question 16

mucoprotein otuer layer of the nematode egg formed from secretions deposited by the cells of the uterus as the eggs are laid

Answer 16

uterine layer

Question 17

thin membrane layer of the nematode egg primarily composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins

Answer 17

vitelline layer