The hatching cascade

Question 1

hatching cascade

Answer 1

1. induction via intrinsic and extrinsic factors that promtoe changes in eggshell and volume of the eggs
2. changes in larval behavior and activity
3. larval eclosion

Question 2

calcium mediates trehalose and water ehcange across the eggshell during hatching induction

Answer 2

Globodera rostochiensis

Question 3

their eggs swell in early stages of hatching

Answer 3

• Trichuris muris
• Tylenchorhynchus maximus

Question 4

widespread exploration or unfocussed movemnet beofre eclosion

Answer 4

• head waving
• whole-body rolling

Question 5

what happens during local exploration

Answer 5

1. targeted and localised thrusting of larval head or tail
2. secretions from pharyngeal glands
3. propulsion of larval’s sytlet

Question 6

species that does targeted and localised thrusting of larval head or tail, secretions from pharyngeal glands, and propulsion of larval’s sytlet

Answer 6

• Aphelenchus avenae
• Meloidogyne spp.

Question 7

local exploration is used to both propel and guide the stylet to create a perforated slit in one region of the eggshell

Answer 7

Globodera rostochiensis

Question 8

species where pharyngeal pumping has been observed

Answer 8

1. A. avenae
2. G. rostochiensis
3. C. elegans

Question 9

enzymes found in previtelline fluid of Ascairs lumbricoides, Haemonchus controtus, and Ancylostoma ceylanicum

Answer 9

1. chitinases
2. lipases
3. proteases

Question 10

what happens in step i: induction via intrinsic/extrinsic factors

Answer 10

1. induction by plant diffusates or host microbiota
2. ion mediated movement of sugars
3. chane in size or volume

Question 11

what happens in step ii: changes in behaviour

Answer 11

1. widespread exploration
2. local exploration

Question 12

widespread exploration

Answer 12

1. thrashing
2. head waving
3. whole body rolling

Question 13

local exploration

Answer 13

1. head/tail thrusting
2. stylet cutting
3. pharyngeal pumping

Question 14

what happens in step iii: eclosion

Answer 14

1. exit through opening generated by larva
2. exit through structurally defined pole or point on the egg
3. exit through whole degradation of eggshell

Question 15

some species that identify specific eclosion sites

Answer 15

1. Capillaria spp.
2. Trichuris spp.

Question 16

species that egresses though thinned region of the eggshell

Answer 16

Enterobius vermicularis

Question 17

species that occasionally perforate the shell with their tail before reversing to emerge head first

Answer 17

1. Ancylostoma ceylanicum
2. Ancylostoma tubaeforme

Question 18

species that utilise their sharp tail to perforate the shell and emerge tail-first

Answer 18

1. Heterodera contortus
2. Heterodera iri