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Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Acidic Anhydride

A

Nonmetallic oxide that reacts with water to form an acidic solution

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2
Q

Acid Salt

A

Salt formed by replacing part of the H+ ions in a polyprotic acid with metallic ions. (Ex. NaHSO4)

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3
Q

Actinide Series

A

Series of radioactive elements starting with Ac and ending with Lr

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4
Q

Activated Charcoal

A

Type of carbon that has high degree of ADSORPTION

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5
Q

Adsorption

A

Adhesion (in very thin layer) of molecules of gases/dissolved substances/liquids to the surfaces of solid or liquid bodies that they come into contact with

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6
Q

Allotropic Forms

A

Forms of same element with different crystal structures

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7
Q

Alpha Particle

A

Positively charged (+2) helium nucleus

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8
Q

Amine

A

Compound derived from ammonia by subbing 1+ hydrocarbon radicals for H atoms (Ex. CH3NH2)

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9
Q

Acid turns litmus paper _____

A

Pink or red (Litmus paper is turned pink or red by ____)

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10
Q

Amorphous

A

Having no definite crystal structure

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11
Q

Amphoteric

A

A hydroxide that can have both acidic and basic properties (depending on which substance it reacts with)

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12
Q

Amide

A

Positively charged electrode Attracts negative ions Oxidation happens here

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13
Q

Antichlor

A

Substance used to remove excess Cl in bleaching process

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14
Q

Aufbau Principle

A

The principle that posits that: an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it.

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15
Q

Bases turn litmus paper _____. They also _______ (accept/donate) protons.

A

This turns litmus paper BLUE and accepts protons.

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16
Q

Basic Anhydride

A

Metallic oxide that forms a base in water

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17
Q

Beta Particles

A

High-speed, negatively charged electrons 0-1e or -10ß emitted in radiation.

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18
Q

Binary

A

Compound composed of two elements

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19
Q

Boiling Point

A

Temperature at which vapor pressure of liquid equals atmospheric pressure

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20
Q

Breeder Reactor

A

Nuclear reactor where more fissionable material is produced than is used up during operation

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21
Q

Brownian Movement

A

Continuous zigzagging movement of collodial particles in a dispersing medium when viewed through an ultramicroscope

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22
Q

What is a calorie?

Calorie

A

Amound of heat needed to raise one gram of water one degree celsius

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23
Q

Carbonated water

A

water with CO2

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24
Q

Cathode

A

Electrode that is negatively charged and attracts positive ions. This is where reduction occurs.

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25
Cathode Rays
Streams of electrons given off by the cathode of a vacuum tube
26
Chain reaction
Reaction produced during muclear fission where neutrons from one reaction start another and then another, etc.
27
# Colligative properties depend on what? Colligative properties
Properties dependent on concentration and not the type of particles present in solutions
28
Colloids
Particles larger than those found in solution but smaller than in a suspension
29
Control Rod
Part of a nuclear reactor than controls the speed of the chain reaction by absorbing neutrons. (A rod of a certain metal like cadmium)
30
Coordinate Covalence
Covalent bonding where both electrons in a pair come from same atom
31
Critical Mass
Mass of fissionable material needed to sustain a chain reaction.
32
Critical Temperature
Liquid of a certain substance cannot exist above this temperature regardless of the pressure
33
Crystalline
Having definite molecular or ionic structure
34
Cyclotron
Device used to accelerate charged particles to high energies in order to bombard the nucleus
35
Deliquescence
When a substance absorbs water from the air, so that the substance becomes wet.
36
Destructive Distillation
Process of heating an organic substance (like coal) without air to break it into solid and volatile products
37
Deuterium
"Heavy Hydrogen" An isotope of H that has atomic weight of 2
38
Dew Point
Highest temp at which water vapor condenses out of air
39
Dialysis
Process of separating a solution by diffusion through semipermeable membrane
40
Distillation
Process of vaporizing liquid then condensing vapor back to liquid to get rid of nonvolatile impurities
41
Ductile
Can be made into thin wire
42
Effervescence
Rapid escape of excess gas that has been dissolved in a liquid
43
Efflorescence
When a substance loses its water of hydration when exposed to air under ordinary conditions
44
Electrolysis
Process of separating ions in compound by electrically charged poles
45
Electronegativity
Measure of how strongly an element's atoms attract other valence electrons from other atoms
46
Electron Volt (eV)
Unit of kinetic energy of subatomic particles Energy gained by one electron after it is accelerated by a potential difference of 1 volt
47
Emulsifying Agent
Collodial substance that forms a film around the particles of two immiscible liquids so that one is suspended in the other
48
Eudiometer
Graduated glass tube. Gases are placed inside here and then sparked with electricity. This can be used to measure the individual volumes of combined gases.
49
Fixation of Nitrogen
Any process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into compounds like ammonia and nitric acid
50
Fluorescence
Emission of electromagnetic radiation
51
Flux (in metallurgy)
something that helps melt and remove solid impurities
52
Flux (in nucleonics)
Concentration of nuclear particles or rays
53
Fractional Crystallization
Separation of a mixture of dissolved solids by evaporation
54
Fractional distillation
Separating a mixture of liquids by vaporization
55
Galvanizing
Adding coat of zinc to iron/steel as anti-rust
56
Gamma Ray
Type of radiation of high-energy waves that can pass through most materials. (no charge) Symbol: γ
57
Heat of fusion
The heat (in calories) needed to melt 1 gram of a solid. Heat of fusion of water is 80 cal.
58
Heat of Vaporization
Amound of heat needed to vaporize 1 g of liquid at constant temp/pressure. For water at 100 degrees Celsius, ΔHvap=540 cal
59
Homologous
Alike in structure. For organic compounds like hydrocarbons, when each member differs from nect by addition of the *same* group.
60
Hydride
Any binary compound with H
61
Hydrogenation
Process of forcing H to combine with another (typically organic) substance with aid of catalyst
62
Hydrolysis of carbohydrates
Action of water (+catalyst) upon a carbohydrate to produce simpler carbs
63
Hydrolysis of salts
Splitting water into ions by forming weak acid or base or both
64
Hygroscopic
Ability of a substance to draw water vapor from the atmosphere to itself and become wet
65
Isomer
Same formula, different structure, different properties
66
Isotope
Same element, same protons, different neutrons, different mass
67
Kindling temperature
A substance must reach this temp before it ignites
68
Lanthanide series
"Rare earth" series of elements starting with 57 and ending with 71
69
Avogadro's Law
Equal volumes of gas at equal temp/pressure have equal moles
70
Boyle's Law
Volume of gas inversely proportional to pressure at constant temp
71
Charles's Law
Volume and temp. directly prop. at constant pressure
72
Law of Definite Composition
Compounds of 2+ elements are chemically combined in definite ratio by weight
73
Faraday's Law
In electrolysis, weight of any liberated element is proportional to amount of electricity passing thru and weight of element
74
Gay-Lussac's Law
Ratio between combining volumes of gases and gaseous products can be expressed in small whole #s.
75
Henry's Law
Solubility of most gases directly proportional to pressure
76
Litmus Indicator
Red in acidic solution Blue in basic solution
77
Luminous
Emitting steady suffused light
78
Manometer
A U-tube thhat contains a liquid and is used to measure pressure of a confined gas
79
Mass Spectograph
Device that measures masses of charged particles by using magnetic deflection
80
Metallurgy
Process of obtaining metal from its ores
81
Moderator
Used in nuclear reactors to slow down neutrons
82
Mordant
Chemical like Al2(SO4)3 that is used to put colors on textiles
83
Neutron Capture
Reaction where neutron attaches to nucleus. Gamma rays are typically simultaneously emitted
84
Nitriding
Process in which ammonia or cyanide used to produce case-hardened steel. Nitride is formed instead of a carbide
85
Nitrogen fixation
A process by which atmospheric N2 is converted into a compound such as ammonia or nitric acid
86
Oxidizing Agent
A substance that: 1. Gives up its oxygen readily, or 2. Removes H from a compound, or 3. Takes e- from an element
87
Paraffin Series
Methane series of hydrocarbons
88
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Each e- orbital of atom can be filled by only 2 e-, which have opposite spin
89
Phenolphthalein
Colorless in acidic solution Red/pink in basic solution
90
Pile
General term for a nuclear reactor
91
Positron
Positively charged particle of electricity with about same weight as electron
92
Radioisotope
An isotope that is radioactive like uranium-235
93
Reducing Agent
Substance that loses valence e- and that is readily oxidized
94
Sigma (σ bond) Bond
Bond between two *s* orbitals or a bond between one *s* orbital and one other type of orbital
95
Spectroscope
Instrument used to analyze light by separating it into its component wavelengths
96

SAT Chemistry (12 decks)

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