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Biochem 2 all topics > Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

When does gluconeogenesis occur

A

Blood glucose is low

I.e Starvation, no carbs, exercise

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2
Q

What hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis

A

Glucagon

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3
Q

During starvation what is used to make glucose

A

Primary amino acids

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4
Q

during low/no carbs what is used to make glucose

A

Primary amino acids

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5
Q

During exercise what is used to make glucose

A

Lactic acid and alanine

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6
Q

What are the main non-carbohydrate precursors for glucose

A

Lactic acid
a-keto acids
glycerol

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7
Q

What are the entry metabolites for gluconeogenesis

A

Pyruvate
Oxaloacetate
DHAP

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8
Q

How much glucose does the brain need a day

A

100 grams (400 kcal)

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9
Q

What accounts for 60-70% of our resting energy expenditure in adults

A

Brain
Liver
Heart
Kidneys

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10
Q

What is the main location for gluconeogenesis

A

the liver

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11
Q

what are the three irreversible reactions of glycolosis

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase

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12
Q

What is the first step in gluconeogenesis

A

Turn pyruvate into Phosphoenolpyruvate

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13
Q

how is pyruvate turned into PEP

A

Pyruvate–>Oxaloacetate–>PEP

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14
Q

Where in the liver does pyruvate get turned into PEP

A

The mitochondria

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15
Q

How does oxaloacetate exit the mitochondria

A

It gets converted into malate (carnatine shuffle)

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16
Q

What enzyme converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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17
Q

What co-enzyme is required to run pyruvate carboxylase

A

Biotin

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18
Q

What enzyme converts oxaloacetate into PEP

A

PEP carboxykinase

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19
Q

What regulates the activity of pyruvate carboxylase

A

Acetyl CoA produced during FA oxidation

20
Q

What co-factor is required for PEP carboxykinase

21
Q

What is different in the first step of gluconeogenesis if Lactate is the precursor.

A

PEP is made in the mitochondria instead of the cytosol. PEP will then be transported out of the mitochondria into the cytosol

22
Q

What high energy compounds are needed to convert Pyruvate to PEP

A

ATP (Pyruvate–>OAA)

GTP (OAA–>PEP)

23
Q

What is the reason for the malate shuttle

A

To produce NADH to be used as a reducing power in further reactions

24
Q

What is the second obstacle of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate –> Fructose-6-phosphate

25
What enzyme converts Fructose -1,6-bisphosphate into fructose-6-phosphate
fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
26
What co-factor is required for Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Magnesium
27
What is the third obstacle of gluconeogenesis
Glucose-6-phosphate --> glucose
28
What enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate into glucose
glucose-6-phosphatase
29
What co-factor is needed for glucose-6-phosphatse
Magnesium
30
To form a glucose from pyruvate, how much energy is used
4 ATP 2 GTP 2 NADH
31
What are the gluconeogenic substrates
Glycerol Lactic acid a-ketoacids (from AA)
32
What is glycerol found in the body
The backbone of triglycerides
33
Is glycerol a major source for making glucose
No
34
What are the steps to convert glycerol into a usable substate for gluconeogenesis
Glycerol -->glycerolphosphate-->DHAP
35
What is the cycle that converts lactic acid into glucose
Cori cycle
36
Where is lactic acid converted into glucose
The liver
37
Where is lactic acid accumulated during exercise
Skeletal muscles
38
What is the carbon skeleton of amino acids
a-ketoacids
39
What stimulates the conversion of amino acids into glucose
starvation or low carbohydrate intake
40
What is the glucose-alanine cycle
Glutamate + Pyruvate = alanine (in muscles) alanine moved to liver Alanine + a-ketoacid = glutamate + pyruvate Pyruvate --> glucose Glucose to mucles
41
What hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis
Insulin
42
What hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis
glucagon
43
What affect does fructose-2,6-bisphosphate have on gluconeogenesis
It inhibits its (inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Stimulates glycolosis (stimulate PFK)
44
What things stimulate gluconeogensis
Glucagon Acetyl CoA Citrate
45
What inhibit gluconeogenesis
Glucose Insulin AMP, ADP Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
46
What stimulate glycolosis
``` Glucose Insulin AMP, ADP NAD+ Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate ```
47
What inhibit Glycolosis
``` ATP NADH Glucagon Pyruvate Lactate Alanine Citrate ```

Biochem 2 all topics (14 decks)

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