Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 1

What does the pentose phosphate pathway make

Answer 1

Ribose-5-phosphate

Question 2

What is the starting materal for pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 2

Glucose-6-phosphate

Question 3

Where does pentose phospate pathway occur

Answer 3

Cytoplasm

Question 4

What is the main enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 4

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 5

What is ribose used for

Answer 5

Nirtogenous base

Converted into glycolosis intermediates

Question 6

What are the potential products of Pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 6

Ribose-5-phosphate
2x NADPH + H

(can continue to form Glyceraldehyde-3-p and Fructose-6-p)

Question 7

What is the difference between NADH and NADPH

Answer 7

NADH = Oxidized in ETC to make ATP

NADPH = electron donor

Question 8

What do the oxidative reaction of pentose phosphate pathway make

Answer 8

NADPH

Question 9

What are the individual steps in the pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 9

Dehydration
Hydrolysis
Oxidative decarboxylation
Isomerization

Question 10

What is the enzyme used in the dehydrogenation reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 10

Glucose-6-phophate dehydrogenase

Question 11

What are the reactants of the dehydrogenation reaction of the PPP

Answer 11

Glucose-6-phosphate + NADP+

Question 12

What are the products of the dehydrogenation reaction of the PPP

Answer 12

NADPH + 6-phosphoglucono lactone

Question 13

What are the reactions of the PPP that produce NADPH

Answer 13

Dehydrogenation

Oxidative decarboxylation

Question 14

What pathway is linked with the PPP

Answer 14

glycolosis

Question 15

What is NADPH used for in the body

Answer 15

Reductive biosynthesis
detoxification
respiratory bursts
antioxidant reactions

Question 16

What are the reductive biosynthesis pathways talked about in class that use NADPH

Answer 16

Building fat
Building Cholesterol
Building Steroid hormones
Building Bile salts

Question 17

How does NADPH detoxify the body

Answer 17

Converts toxins into water soluble substances by adding electrons to water

Allows us to excrete it out

Question 18

What enzyme is used in detoxification

Answer 18

Cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase system

Question 19

What organ is Cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase found.

Answer 19

the liver

Question 20

what organelle in liver cells is Cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase found

Answer 20

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 21

Where does detoxification take place

Answer 21

Endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells

Question 22

What does Cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase do

Answer 22

Convert the toxin into ROH from RH using NADPH

Question 23

What is the purpose of respiratory burst

Answer 23

Create harsh chemistry to kill bad bacteria using NADPH

Question 24

What does the respiratory burst do to white blood cells

Answer 24

Allows them to take up more oxygen

Question 25

What do NADPH and O2 combine to form during harsh chemisrty

Answer 25

HOCl

Question 26

What enzyme turns O2- into hydrogen peroxitde

Answer 26

Superoxide dismutase

Question 27

What enzyme turns hydrogen peroxide into HOCl (hypochlorous acid)

Answer 27

Myeloperoxidase

Question 28

How does NADPH help in antioxidant regenration

Answer 28

Adding electrons to antioxidants so they can keep protecting body from free radicals

Question 29

What is the job of antioxidents

Answer 29

Inihibit oxidation and counteracts damaging effects of oxidation in body tissue

Question 30

What is a free radical

Answer 30

Atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons

Question 31

What is the reactive part of a free radical

Answer 31

The unpaired free electron

Question 32

What is ROS and RNS

Answer 32

``` ROS = Reactive oxygen species RNS = Reactive nitrogen species ```

Question 33

Do reactive species have free radicals

Answer 33

No always

Question 34

What are the reactive species discussed in class

Answer 34

``` Superoxide radical Hydrogen peroxide Hydroxyl radical Carbon-centered peroxides Single molecular oxygen ```

Question 35

What can generate Reactive species

Answer 35

``` Smog Ozone Chemicals Drugs Radiation High O2 concentration ```

Question 36

What are the most common radicals

Answer 36

Superoxide O2- hydrogen peroxide H2O2 Hydroxyl OH

Question 37

What do free radicals attack

Answer 37

Polyunsaturated fat in phospholipids Protein in cells Nucleic acids in DNA

Question 38

What is quenching

Answer 38

Process by which electronically excited m/c are inactivated

Question 39

What happens to antioxidents when free radicals are quenched

Answer 39

They become oxidized

Question 40

What is regeration

Answer 40

Process by which the antioxidant's reducing power is restored

Question 41

What happens when antioxidents are regenrated

Answer 41

They are reduced

Question 42

What do antioxidants do

Answer 42

They give electrons free radicals to protect protein, fat and DNA

Question 43

What regenerated Antioxidants

Answer 43

NADPH gives electrons to antioxidants

Question 44

What enzymes can also quench free radicals

Answer 44

Superoxide dismutase Catalase Gultathione peroxidase

Question 45

What does superoxide dismutase quench

Answer 45

Superoxide

Question 46

What does Catalase quench

Answer 46

Hydrogen peroxide

Question 47

What does glutathione peroxidase

Answer 47

Hydrogen peroxide

Question 48

What is the location of Superoxide dismutase

Answer 48

Extracellular Cytoplasm Mitochondria

Question 49

What is the function of superoxide dismutase

Answer 49

Eliminate superoxide | Produce hydrogen peroxide

Question 50

What causes a superoxide radical

Answer 50

Addition of an electoron to molecular oxygen

Question 51

is a superoxide radical lipid soluble

Answer 51

No,

Question 52

How is superoxide dismutase produced in the mitochondrial production

Answer 52

it is formed in the ETC

Question 53

Where is catalase located

Answer 53

Mostly in cell peroxisomes

Question 54

What does catalase require to function

Answer 54

Iron

Question 55

What is the fuction of catalase

Answer 55

Eliminate hydrogen peroxide

Question 56

What cells have lots of catalase

Answer 56

Neutrophils

Question 57

What enzyme removes most of the hydrogen peroxide

Answer 57

Glutathineperoxidase

Question 58

What is a problem associated with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Answer 58

Cannot detoxify oxidizing compounds