Glycogen synthesis

Question 1

What is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals

Answer 1

Glycogen

Question 2

What are the primary storage sites of glycogen

Answer 2

Liver and skeletal muscle

Question 3

What bonds are associated with the chain portion of glycogen

Answer 3

a(1-4)

Question 4

What bonds are associated with the branch portion of the glycogen

Answer 4

a(1-6)

Question 5

how often does glycogen branch

Answer 5

every 10 glucose

Question 6

What is the maximum amount of glucose on a glycogen molecule

Answer 6

55,000

Question 7

What form of glycogen is synthesized more rapidly following post exercise

Answer 7

Proglycogen

Question 8

What form of glycogen is responsible for carbohydrate loading

Answer 8

Macroglycogen

Question 9

What form of glycogen is synthesized for at least 48 hours post exercise

Answer 9

Macroglycogen

Question 10

How many grams of glycogen can muscles store

Answer 10

400 grams

Question 11

How many grams of glycogen can liver store

Answer 11

100 grams

Question 12

Can skeletal muscle release glucose

Answer 12

No, but the liver can

Question 13

Where in the cell is glycogen stored

Answer 13

Cytosol

Question 14

what are the steps in making glycogen

Answer 14

Phosphorylate glucose
make UDP glucose
Initiation
Elongation
Branching

Question 15

What enzyme is used to phosphorylate glucose

Answer 15

Hexokinase (muscle)

Glucoginase (liver)

Question 16

What anzyme is used to make UDP-glucose

Answer 16

pyrophosphatase

Question 17

What happens in the initiation step

Answer 17

connect glucose to glycogenin

Question 18

What enzyme elongates the glycogen chain by adding on glucose

Answer 18

Glycogen synthase

Question 19

Starting with glucose what is it turned into to get to UDP glucose

Answer 19

Glucose
Glucose 6P
Glucose 1P
Glucose UTP
Glucose UDP

Question 20

What enzyme connects glucose to glycogenin and is responsible for initiation of glycogen synthesis

Answer 20

Glycogen initiator synthase

Question 21

How much ATP is used to attach glucose to glycogen

Answer 21

3 ATP

Question 22

What enzyme is responsible for forming the branches in glycogen

Answer 22

Glucosyl 4:6 Transferase

Question 23

What are the main enzymes of glycogen synthesis

Answer 23

Glycogen synthase (makes glycogen)
Glycogen phosphorylase (glycogen-->glucose)

Question 24

What stimulates glycogen synthesis

Answer 24

High ATP
High Glucose
Insulin
Low glycogen

Question 25

What stimulates glycogen phosphorylase (inhibit glycogen synthase)

Answer 25

``` Low ATP High ADP or AMP Low Glucose Glucagon Muscle contration (calcium) ```

Question 26

What is a more potent regulator of glycogen synthase activity. Muscle glycogen concentration or insulin or muscle contration

Answer 26

Muscle glycogen concentration

Question 27

What happens to glycogen synthesis and insulin sensitivity post exercise

Answer 27

Increase

Question 28

What types of muscle fibers use up the most muscle glycogen

Answer 28

Type II fibers

Question 29

When is glycogen synthesis at its highest post exercise

Answer 29

30 min

Question 30

how much is glycogen synthesis reduced by 120 min after exercise

Answer 30

about 1/9th

Question 31

When is the rapid phase of glycogen synthesis

Answer 31

30-60 min post exercise

Question 32

What phase (rapid/slow) of glycogen synthesis is insulin independent

Answer 32

Rapid phase

Question 33

What needs to happen in order for the rapid phase of glycogen synthesis to occur

Answer 33

Low muscle glycogen levels | Carbs provided immediately after exercise

Question 34

What must the slow phase of glycogen synthesis have for it to happen

Answer 34

Carbohydrates and insulin

Question 35

How long does the slow phase (insulin dependent) last

Answer 35

3-48 hours after exercise

Question 36

What does adding carbohydrates post exercise do to glycogen synthesis

Answer 36

Increase insulin Small increase in glycogen synthase activity.

Question 37

if post exercise carbohydrae ingestion is delayed by 2 hours, what is the decrease of glycogen synthesis rate

Answer 37

45% lower This is not glycogen synthases activity it is the overall glucose to glycogen rxn

Question 38

What will be catabolized to make glycogne if you do not eat after exercise

Answer 38

Catabolize AA to make glycogen

Question 39

What effect does the ingestion of amino acids have on glycogen synthesis

Answer 39

increase synthesis rate

Question 40

Does the addition of amino acids have an effect on glycogen synthesis when carb intake is hight (above 1.2 g/kg/h)

Answer 40

No it doesn't

Question 41

What type of protein has the greatest effect on muscle glycogen synthesis post exercise

Answer 41

Whey protein hydrosylates

Question 42

Who has more glycogen synthesis post exercise. A trained or untrained individual

Answer 42

Trained individual

Question 43

who has more glut4. Trained or untrained infividual

Answer 43

Trained individual

Question 44

what is glycemic index

Answer 44

Increase in blood glucose level over the base-line level during a 2 hr period

Question 45

What is glycemic load

Answer 45

the glycemic index times the amount of grams of carbohydrate in a serving of the food

Question 46

What does a higher Glycemic load mean

Answer 46

greater expected elevation in blood glucose and in the insulinogenic effect of the food

Question 47

What can a higher consumption of high glycemic load food cause

Answer 47

Type II dibetes | Obesity

Question 48

When measuring in days compared to hours, are hi gi meals better than lo gi meals

Answer 48

There is no difference

Question 49

When fed low GI meals what happens to blood glucose levels in the latter phases of exercise

Answer 49

It is higher

Question 50

Low insulin during exercise allows for and increase in what

Answer 50

Free fatty acids

Question 51

What causes a threefold increase in liver glycogen synthesis

Answer 51

low-dose fructose

Question 52

How does low does fructose increase glycogen synthesis

Answer 52

increase glucose tolerance by activating glucokinase

Question 53

in the fasted state what is the main endogenous source of glucose

Answer 53

the liver

Question 54

What is the primary site of fructose disposal

Answer 54

The liver

Question 55

What are the enzymes needed for fructose metabolism

Answer 55

Fructokinase | Triokinase

Question 56

Does fructose increase glycogen synthesis in muscles

Answer 56

No

Question 57

Does low blood glucose or glucagon cause muscle glycogen to break down

Answer 57

No