Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis

Question 1

all carbohydrates enter-

Answer 1

glycolysis

Question 2

Carbohydrates enter in muscle via

Answer 2

hexokinase

Question 3

D-Glucose –>

Answer 3

G-6-P
via:
hexokinase
ATP

Question 4

D-Galactose –>

Answer 4

G-6-P
via:
UDP-Galactose
UDP-Glucose

Question 5

D-Fructose –>

Answer 5

F-6-P
via:
hexokinase
ATP

Question 6

Glycogen; Starch –>

Answer 6

G-1-P
via: phosphorylase

G-6-P
via: D-Glucose

Question 7

Trehalose —>

Answer 7

D-Glucose

via: trehalase

Question 8

D-Mannose –>

Answer 8

Mannose 6-P –> F-6-P

via: phosphomannose isomerase

Question 9

Sucrose –>

Answer 9

F6P

via: hexokinase and ATP

Question 10

synthesis of glucose and/or glycogen from non-carbohydrate sources

-pathway needed by brain

Answer 10

Gluconeogenesis

Question 11

Glycolytic key enzymes

Answer 11

hexokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase

Question 12

Gluconeogenic key enzymes

Answer 12

Glucose-6-phosphatase
Fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase
pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase

Question 13

Sources of Glucose for Gluconeogenesis

Answer 13

Lactate
Pyruvate
Glucogenic AA
Glycerol
Odd Chain FA

Question 14

Importance of gluconeogenesis

Answer 14

Source of blood glucose during fasting and starvation

Removal of waste products such as lactate, glycerol

Question 15

reaction in conversion of Pyruvate to OAA

Answer 15

carboxylation

Question 16

reaction in conversion of OAA to PEP

Answer 16

decarboxylation and phosphorylation

Question 17

Reaction in conversion of PEP to 2-Phosphoglycerate

Answer 17

hydration

Question 18

Reaction in conversion of 3-Phosphoglycerate to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Answer 18

phosphorylation

Question 19

Reaction in conversion of 1,3-BPG to G-3-P

Answer 19

reduction and phosphorylation

Question 20

reaction in conversion of FBP-1 to F-6-P

Answer 20

hydrolysis and dephosphorylation

Question 21

reaction in conversion of G-6-P to glucose

Answer 21

hydrolysis and dephosphorylation

Question 22

uses H2O

Answer 22

11, 9, 3

Question 23

Produces Pi

Answer 23

11, 9, 6, 1

Question 24

Uses GTP

Answer 24

2

Question 25

Products of Reaction 1

Answer 25

ADP + Pi

Question 26

Products of Reaction 2

Answer 26

GDP + CO2

Question 27

Products of Reaction 5

Answer 27

ADP

Question 28

Products of Reaction 6

Answer 28

Pi + NAD+

Question 29

process of glycogen synthesis in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage

Answer 29

Glycogenesis

Question 30

site of gluconeogenesis

Answer 30

liver, kidney

Question 31

site of glycogenesis

Answer 31

liver, skeletal muscle

Question 32

Steps in Glycogenesis

Answer 32

Formation of G-1-P Formation of UDP-glucose Glucose transfer to a glycogen chain

Question 33

Step 1 glycogenesis

Answer 33

G-6-P ------> G-1-P

Question 34

Enzyme in Step 1 glycogenesis

Answer 34

phosphoglucomutase

Question 35

Step 2 glycogenesis

Answer 35

G-1-P + UTP --------> UDP - glucose

Question 36

Enzyme in Step 2 glycogenesis

Answer 36

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

Question 37

Step 3 glycogenesis

Answer 37

UDP-glucose + (glucose)n ---------> (glucose) n+1 + UDP

Question 38

acts as vehicle that carries the glucose molecule which is to be added to the budding glycogen molecule

Answer 38

UDP-glucose

Question 39

Reaction in step 1 glycogenesis

Answer 39

phosphorylation

Question 40

uses ATP in glycogenesis

Answer 40

Step 1

Question 41

breakdown of glycogen to G-6-P or glucose

Answer 41

Glycogenolysis

Question 42

Steps in glycogenolysis

Answer 42

Phosphorylation/phosphorolysis of Glucose residue | G-1-P Isomerization

Question 43

Step 1 Glycogenolysis

Answer 43

(Glucose)n + Pi -------> (glucose) n-1 + G-1-P

Question 44

Enzyme in Step 1 Glycogenolysis

Answer 44

glycogen phosphorylase

Question 45

Step Glycogenolysis

Answer 45

G-1-P -----> G-6-P

Question 46

Enzyme in Step 2 Glycogenolysis

Answer 46

phosphoglucomutase

Question 47

alternative route for glucose oxidation | not for energy production

Answer 47

HMP

Question 48

site of HMP

Answer 48

``` cytosol of liver adipose tissue ovaries testes RBC retina ```

Question 49

Steps of HMP

Answer 49

Oxidative | Non oxidative phase

Question 50

irreversible phase

Answer 50

oxidative

Question 51

reversible phase

Answer 51

non oxidative

Question 52

reactions in Oxidative phase

Answer 52

G6P undergoes dehydrogenation and decarboxylation to yield ribulose 5-P

Question 53

reactions in Non oxidative phase

Answer 53

6 molecules of Ribulose 5P are converted to 5 molecules of Glucose 6P

Question 54

enzymes used in non oxidative phase

Answer 54

transketolase | transaldolase

Question 55

ketone

Answer 55

Ribulose 5P

Question 56

aldose

Answer 56

Ribose 5P

Question 57

Importance of HMP

Answer 57

I. Provides Ribose 5P | II. Main source of NADPH required in lipid metabolism

Question 58

required for synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids

Answer 58

ribose 5P and many coenzymes

Question 59

composition of Ribose 5P

Answer 59

``` ATP GTP UTP CoA NAD/NADH FAD/FADH ``` G-3-P F-3-P

Question 60

Sources of NADPH

Answer 60

A. Reductases B. Hydroxylases C. NADPH oxidase

Question 61

Reductases

Answer 61

Glutathione reductase Folate, retinal reductase Reductases of FA, steroid synthesis

Question 62

Hydroxylases

Answer 62

steroids hydroxylase

Question 63

NADPH oxidase

Answer 63

phagocytosis (respiratory burst) (WBC)

Question 64

site of Uronic Acid Pathway

Answer 64

cytosol of liver

Question 65

Importance of Uronic Acid Pathway

Answer 65

``` formation of UDP - glucuronate synthesis of L-ascorbic acid GAGs synthesis Conjugation reactions: with bilirubin steroids to make them more soluble easily excreted: detoxication ```