Glycolysis Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms
A
Carbohydrate Metabolism
2
Q
generation of cellular energy
sausage shape
convoluted
A
Mitochondria
3
Q
enzyme in mitochondria responsible for production of ATP
A
ATP Synthase
4
Q
composition of outermost layer of mitochondria
A
50% protein
50% lipid
5
Q
composition of innermost layer of mitochondria
A
80% protein
20% lipid
6
Q
beginning of metabolism
A
digestion
7
Q
action of salivary amylase
A
starch & glycogen -> polysaccharides
8
Q
action of pancreatic amylase
A
polysaccharides -> disaccharides
9
Q
action of S.I
A
disaccharides -> simple sugars
10
Q
stops enzyme action in stomach
A
gastric juice
11
Q
enzymes in S.I
A
maltase, sucrase, lactase
12
Q
reaction of digestion of carbohydrates
A
hydrolysis
13
Q
has greatest no. of ways to utilize glucose
storage
glucose -> glycogen
releases free glucose from glycogen when blood glucose levels are low
A
liver
14
Q
utilizes stored glycogen for synthesis of ATP during exercise
A
skeletal muscle
15
Q
reoxidized to continue glycolysis
A
NADH
16
Q
Starch + Salivary Amylase +H2O
A
Maltose + Dextrins
17
Q
Starch + Pancreatic Amylase + H2O
A
Maltose + Isomaltose
18
Q
Maltose + Maltase + H2O
A
Glucose (2)
19
Q
Isomaltose + Maltase + H2O
A
Glucose (2)
20
Q
Lactose + Lactase + H2O
A
Glucose + Galactose
21
Q
Sucrose + Sucrase + H2O
A
Glucose + Fructose
22
Q
breakdown of all compounds
A
catabolism
23
Q
Common Monosaccharides
A
glucose
galactose
fructose
24
Q
Disaccharides
A
sucrose ( glucose + fructose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
25
Polysaccharides
```
Starch
Dextrin
Cellulose
Pectin
Glycogen
```
26
Absorption of Monosaccharides
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Transport
Active Transport
27
Accdg. to concentration gradient
| Fructose and pentoses
Simple Diffusion
28
GLUT5: glucose, galactose and fructose
Facilitated Transport
29
SGLT (Sodium Glucose Transporter)
| glucose and galactose
Active Transport
30
Pathways for Glucose Utilization
Oxidation
Provides other Compounds
Storage
Excretion in urine
31
for production of energy
Oxidation
32
Provides other compounds:
Carbohydrates
Glycerol 3-phosphate
Acetyl CoA
Non essential AA
33
storage in adipose
triacylglycerol
34
Major Pathways in oxidation of glucose
Glycolysis
| Kreb's Cycle
35
Minor Pathways in oxidation of glucose
Hexose monophosphate pathway
| Uronic acid pathway
36
Central roles of glucose
storage
oxidation via glycolysis
oxidation via pentose phosphate pathway
synthesis of structural polymers
37
storage
glycogen, starch, sucrose
38
oxidation via glycolysis
pyruvate
39
oxidation via pentose phosphate pathway
ribose 5-phosphate
40
synthesis of structural polymers
extracellular matrix
| cell wall polysaccharides
41
- a pathway used by all body cells
- converts glucose to pyruvate
- an example of anaerobic fermentation
- oxygen is not necessary
- mostly endergonic reactions
Glycolysis
42
produced by glycolysis
conjugate base of carboxylic acids and ketones
has negative charge
completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O in mitochondria (aerobic)
Pyruvate/ pyruvic acid
43
formula of pyruvate
CH3COCOOH-
44
ending of all cycles
ATP
45
Dinucleotide Phosphates
ATP
ADP
AMP
46
products of Hydrolysis of phosphates
ATP - ADP + Pi + e
ADP - AMP + Pi + e
ATP + 2 H2O - AMP + 2Pi + e
47
NAD
nicotinamide
protection of RBC
used in ETC
NADH reduced
48
FAD
riboflavin
| FADH2 reduced
49
Coenzyme A
CoA + SH
| must be attached to acetyl group to form Acetyl Coa
50
start of TCA
Acetyl CoA
51
makes CoA active
SH
52
CHO metabolism
uridine triphosphate (UTP)
53
Protein metabolism
guanin triphosphate (GTP)
54
Phosphorylation reactions
Reaction 1, 3,7,10
55
Isomerization Reactions
Reaction 2, 5
56
Oxidation Reaction
Reaction 6
57
Cleavage Reaction
Reaction 4
58
Shift of Phosphoryl group
Reaction 8
59
Dehydration reaction
Reaction 9
60
Intermediate Products
```
Glucose
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6- biphosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1,3 - Biphosphoglycerate
3 - phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate
Lactate (anaerobic)
```
61
Enzymes
```
Hexokinase
phosphohexose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase - 1
Aldolase
Triose phosphate isomerase
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate kinase
phosphoglycerate mutase
enolase
Pyruvate kinase
```
62
phosphorylation of glucose ensures that pathway intermediates remain in the cell
phosphorylation occurs in C6, as C1 is a carbonyl group (phosphorylation only takes place in hydroxyl group)
Reaction 1
63
Isomerization moves carbonyl to C2
Reaction 2
64
C-1 now a hydroxyl group can be phosphorylated
ensures both products of C-C cleavage bond are phosphorylated
interconvertible
Reaction 3
65
carbonyl group at C2 facilitates cleavage
Reaction 4
66
aldose
glucose 6-phosphate
67
ketose
fructose 6-phosphate
68
interconversion of 2 products into single pathway
reaction 5
69
oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate produces NADH - prerequisite for ATP production in 7
Reaction 6
70
remaining phosphoryl group moves from C2 to C3
reaction 8
71
alcohol
3-phosphoglycerate
72
priming reactions
Reaction 1, 3
73
oxidative phosphorylation reaction
| produces NADH
Reaction 6
74
ATP forming reactions
Reaction 7,10
75
All carbohydrates enter
glycolysis
76
Carbohydrates enter in muscle via
hexokinase
77
D-galactose enters:
Glucose 1-phosphate
78
Lactose becomes:
D-Galactose
| D- Glucose
79
Trehalose becomes
D-Glucose -> Glucose 6-phosphate
80
Sucrose becomes:
D-glucose -> Glucose 6-phosphate
or
D-fructose -> Fructose 6-phosphate
81
Fructose becomes:
Fructose 1-phosphate -> Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
82
D-Mannose becomes
Mannose 6-phosphate -> Fructose 6-phosphate
83
Dihydroxyacetone derived from glucose carbon
1,2,3
84
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate derived from glucose carbon
4,5,6
85
Pyruvate in under hypoxic or anaerobic conditions
| fermentation to ethanol in yeast
2Ethanol + 2CO2
86
Pyruvate under anaerobic conditions
fermentation
vigorous contraction
erythrocytes
2 Lactate
87
Pyruvate under aerobic conditions
Acetyle CoA -> 4CO2 + 4H2O
88
refers to the metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized
aka lactic acid cycle
Cori cycle
89
irreversible reactions in Glycolysis
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase
90
controls or inhibits PFK
ATP (allosteric inhibitor)
91
binding sites of allosteric enzymes
substrate site
| allosteric site
92
controls or inhibits hexokinase
```
Glucose 6P (feedback inhibition)
Fructose 6P (if PFK is inactive)
```
93
inhibits PFK
ATP
Acetyl CoA
Alanine
94
reaction in TCA
decarboxylation
95
product of fatty acid metabolism
glycerol
96
too much intake of O2
hyperventilation
97
effects of hyperventilation
affect conc. of CO2 in blood
| comes in contact with H2O, formation of carbonic acid
98
Lactate makes blood:
acidic
99
only pathway where RBC gets energy or is activated
glycolysis
100
condition of deficiency of enzyme in glycolysis
Hemolytic anemia
101
formation of bubbles
CO2
102
site where glycolysis takes place
cytosol
103
location of ATP synthase
inner membrane
